Esther 1:1

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

ויהי וַיְהי

and he is being

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

היה

hâyâh

Definition

to exist, i.e. be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)

Root

a primitive root (compare H1933 (הוא));

Exhaustive

a primitive root (compare הוא); to exist, i.e. be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary); beacon, [idiom] altogether, be(-come), accomplished, committed, like), break, cause, come (to pass), do, faint, fall, [phrase] follow, happen, [idiom] have, last, pertain, quit (one-) self, require, [idiom] use.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1961

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הָיָה

verb • Root היה • Strongs / High • Page 397

To be, to exist, to live, to become. A substantive verb used to unite a subject and predicate. It can also mean to happen, to arise, or to belong to. Used in a wide variety of grammatical constructions.

הָיָה

verb • Root היה • Strongs / High • Page 591

To be, to become, to exist. The common Hebrew verb for 'to be', considered the root of the divine name.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הַיָּה

noun feminine • Page 185

Keri הַוָּה suffering, calamity. Job 6: 2; 30: 13.

הָיָה

verb • Page 184

1. To be (Ex. 20:3, Num. 10:31, etc.); 2. to become (Ex. 4:4, Hos. 3:3, etc.); 3. to happen (Is. 19:15).

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX: ἔσται ἐγένετο ἦν ἐγενήθη ἔσονται

LXX Usage Statistics

H1961:

ἔσται 827× (22.9%)

ἐγένετο 634× (16.8%)

ἦν 280× (7.9%)

ἐγενήθη 215× (5.8%)

ἔσονται 160× (4.5%)

ἦσαν 134× (3.8%)

ἐγένοντο 83× (2.3%)

'' 74× (1.9%)

--- 73× (2.2%)

εἶναι 67× (1.7%)

בימי בִּימֵי

within manifestations/days

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

יום

yôwm

Definition

a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated term), (often used adverb)

Root

from an unused root meaning to be hot;

Exhaustive

from an unused root meaning to be hot; a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated term), (often used adverb); age, [phrase] always, [phrase] chronicals, continually(-ance), daily, ((birth-), each, to) day, (now a, two) days (agone), [phrase] elder, [idiom] end, [phrase] evening, [phrase] (for) ever(-lasting, -more), [idiom] full, life, as (so) long as (... live), (even) now, [phrase] old, [phrase] outlived, [phrase] perpetually, presently, [phrase] remaineth, [idiom] required, season, [idiom] since, space, then, (process of) time, [phrase] as at other times, [phrase] in trouble, weather, (as) when, (a, the, within a) while (that), [idiom] whole ([phrase] age), (full) year(-ly), [phrase] younger.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3117

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יוֹם

noun masculine • Root ימם • Strongs / High • Page 595

brightness, splendour, shining, light. hence 1. the day (the period of light), opposed to night; can also mean mid-day. 2. the civil day, including night.

יוֹם

noun masculine • Root יום • Strongs / High • Page 596

Day; also used metaphorically for a specific time or event, such as birth-day, day of punishment, day of death, the present time, or the end of life.

יוֹם

noun masculine (aramaic) • Root יום • Strongs / High • Page 596

Aramaic (Chaldee) word for 'day', with the same variety of senses as the Hebrew.

יוֹם

noun / masculine • Root ימם • Strongs / High • Page 612

1. clearness, light. 2. day (including the night). The plural form יָמִים can also mean a short time, an indefinite time, or a long time.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יוֹם

m. prim. dec. i. • Page 277

1. day. Phrases: הַיּוֹם (this day; to-day, 1 Sam. 12:17); בְּיוֹם (on the day when, Gen 2:17); כְּיוֹם (now, Gen. 25:31); יוֹם יוֹם (daily, Neh. 8:18); מִיּוֹם (from the day on, Ex. 10:6). Special uses: a day of misfortune (Obad. 12), a day of prosperity or festival (Hos. 7:5), and the day of Jehovah/judgment (Joel 1:15). 2. time generally (Gen. 39: 11).

יוֹם

noun masculine • Page 278

Day. (1) Specially days of one's life (Gen. 6:3, Gen. 43:9, Sam. 25:28). (2) Time generally (Gen. 47:8, Ex. 2:11, Judg. 18:1). (3) Some or several days (Neh. 1:4, Dan. 8:27, Gen. 40:4). (4) A year (Lev. 25:29, Judg. 17:10, 1 Sam. 2:19).

יוֹם

m. chald. • Page 278

Day, as in Heb. Plural יוֹמִין, emphatic יוֹמַיָּא. (Ezra 4:15, 19).

Preposition, Noun common masculine plural construct

LXX: ἡμέρᾳ ἡμέρασ σήμερον ἡμέραν ἡμερῶν

LXX Usage Statistics

H3117:

ἡμέρᾳ 574× (20.2%)

ἡμέρασ 571× (23.8%)

σήμερον 204× (9.1%)

ἡμέραν 171× (6.9%)

ἡμερῶν 153× (6.4%)

ἡμέρα 135× (5.4%)

ἡμέραισ 133× (4.6%)

ἡμέραι 116× (4.7%)

--- 51× (2.4%)

'' 46× (1.8%)

אחשורוש אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ

 I am Keeping Quiet and Have Been Poor (Ahash-u-rosh)

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אחשורוש

ʼĂchashvêrôwsh

Definition

Achashverosh (i.e. Ahasuerus or Artaxerxes, but in this case Xerxes), the title (rather than name) of a Persian king

Root

or (shortened) אחשרש (Esther 10:1); of Persian origin;

Exhaustive

or (shortened) אחשרש (Esther 10:1); of Persian origin; Achashverosh (i.e. Ahasuerus or Artaxerxes, but in this case Xerxes), the title (rather than name) of a Persian king; Ahasuerus.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H325

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ

noun proper • Strongs_Numbers • Page 105

Proper noun or title of a Persian king (generally identified with Xerxes).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ

noun proper • Page 41

a name or title which is given to several different Persian kings. Dan. 9:1. Ezra 4:6. Est. 1:1. Signification is uncertain, likely involving the Persian elements for 'excellence' or 'prince'.

Noun proper name masculine

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0325:

No stats available

הוא הוּא

Himself

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

הוא

hûwʼ

Definition

he (she or it); only expressed when emphatic or without a verb; also (intensively) self, or (especially with the article) the same; sometimes (as demonstrative) this or that; occasionally (instead of copula) as or are

Root

of which the feminine (beyond the Pentateuch) is היא; a primitive word, the third person pronoun singular;

Exhaustive

of which the feminine (beyond the Pentateuch) is היא; a primitive word, the third person pronoun singular; he (she or it); only expressed when emphatic or without a verb; also (intensively) self, or (especially with the article) the same; sometimes (as demonstrative) this or that; occasionally (instead of copula) as or are; he, as for her, him(-self), it, the same, she (herself), such, that (...it), these, they, this, those, which (is), who.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1931

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הוּא

personal pronoun • Root הו • Strongs / High • Page 392

Personal pronoun, 3rd person singular masculine: he, it. It can also be used for emphasis (he himself), as a demonstrative (this, that), to indicate self, or to strengthen other pronouns (I myself, thou thyself).

הוּא

pronoun • Strongs / High • Page 393

Personal pronoun, 3rd person singular masculine: he, it. Can also mean 'the same', 'himself'. It is also used as a designation for God, and can include the verb 'to be'.

הוּא

aramaic personal pronoun (aramaic) • Strongs / High • Page 393

Aramaic personal pronoun of the 3rd person, he.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הוּא

chald. • Page 178

idem. behold, as for as simply. So in Syr. Dan. 2:43.

הוּא

pronoun • Page 182

1. he, and as a neuter it. In the Pentateuch, used for both genders. 2. self, same, selfsame. Is. 7:14, Ps. 44:5. 3. serves as the substantive verb 'to be' (copula). Is. 43:25. Also used as 'thou (art) the same' in 2 Sam. 7:28.

הוּא

chald. pron. • Page 182

idem (the same). Dan. 2:21.

הוּא

chald. • Page 182

see הֲוָה.

הוּא

unknown • Page 217

see הָוָה.

Pronoun personal third person masculine singular

LXX: αὐτὸσ ἐστιν ἐκείνῃ οὗτοσ ---

LXX Usage Statistics

H1931:

αὐτὸσ 321× (16.5%)

ἐστιν 260× (13.7%)

ἐκείνῃ 197× (10.6%)

οὗτοσ 160× (8.4%)

--- 103× (5.6%)

ἐκείνῳ 67× (3.6%)

ἐστίν 54× (2.9%)

ἐστὶν 54× (2.7%)

'' 50× (2.3%)

τοῦτο 42× (2.2%)

אחשורוש אֲחַשְׁוֵר֗וֹשׁ

 I am Keeping Quiet and Have Been Poor (Ahash-u-rosh)

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אחשורוש

ʼĂchashvêrôwsh

Definition

Achashverosh (i.e. Ahasuerus or Artaxerxes, but in this case Xerxes), the title (rather than name) of a Persian king

Root

or (shortened) אחשרש (Esther 10:1); of Persian origin;

Exhaustive

or (shortened) אחשרש (Esther 10:1); of Persian origin; Achashverosh (i.e. Ahasuerus or Artaxerxes, but in this case Xerxes), the title (rather than name) of a Persian king; Ahasuerus.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H325

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ

noun proper • Strongs_Numbers • Page 105

Proper noun or title of a Persian king (generally identified with Xerxes).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ

noun proper • Page 41

a name or title which is given to several different Persian kings. Dan. 9:1. Ezra 4:6. Est. 1:1. Signification is uncertain, likely involving the Persian elements for 'excellence' or 'prince'.

Noun proper name masculine

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0325:

No stats available

המלך הַמֹּלֵךְ

the King

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

מלך

mâlak

Definition

to reign; inceptively, to ascend the throne; causatively, to induct into royalty; hence (by implication) to take counsel

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to reign; inceptively, to ascend the throne; causatively, to induct into royalty; hence (by implication) to take counsel; consult, [idiom] indeed, be (make, set a, set up) king, be (make) queen, (begin to, make to) reign(-ing), rule, [idiom] surely.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4427

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מָלַךְ

verb • Strongs / High • Page 858

to rule, to reign, of kings; to exercise supremacy; to undertake the rule, to become a king.

מָלַךְ

verb • Root מלך • Strongs / High • Page 858

intransitive to counsel, to advise. (Kal not used). Niphal: to determine. Piel: to advise, to give counsel. Hiphil: to constitute as king or ruler.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מָלַךְ

verb • Page 380

1. to be king, to reign. Josh. 13: 12, 21. 2. to become king. 2 Sam. 15: 10. Hiph. to cause to be king. 1 Sam. 15: 35. Hoph. to be made king. Dan. 9: 1. Niph. to consult, to take counsel. Neh. 5: 7.

Particle definite article, Verb Qal participle active masculine singular absolute

LXX: ἐβασίλευσεν βασιλεύειν βασιλεῦσαι βασιλεύσει ἐβασίλευσαν

LXX Usage Statistics

H4427a:

ἐβασίλευσεν 168× (48.4%)

βασιλεύειν 25× (5.5%)

βασιλεῦσαι 18× (4.5%)

βασιλεύσει 16× (4.9%)

ἐβασίλευσαν 14× (3.8%)

'' 13× (3.4%)

βασιλείασ 11× (2.9%)

βασιλέωσ 9× (2.6%)

--- 8× (2.5%)

βασιλεύει 7× (2.0%)

מהדו מֵהֹדּוּ

from Echo of Himself (Hodu)

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מ

mi / min

Definition

from

Root

Abbreviated from H4480

Exhaustive

(mem) — from / out of

Core value: emergence, separation, derivation
מ does not merely indicate origin in time (“after”). It marks boundary-crossing:
- source,
- differentiation,
- contrast,
- extraction.
Aonically, מ indicates transition between states.
not “after X” but “out from within X.”
This is why מ can signal both cause and contrast: both involve standing on the far side of a boundary.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

הדו

Hôdûw

Definition

Hodu (i.e. Hindustan)

Root

of foreign origin;

Exhaustive

of foreign origin; Hodu (i.e. Hindustan); India.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1912

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

דָּו

root • Root דו • Consonantal / Low • Page 358

An unused organic root for the reduplication form דָּוִד (David).

Matched after stripping common prefixes

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הֹדּוּ

unknown • Root הנדו • Page 180

India (Est. 1:1, 8:9).

Prep-M, Noun proper name

LXX: ἰνδικῆσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H1912:

ἰνδικῆσ 2× (71.8%)

ועד וְעַד־

and until

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

עד

ʻad

Definition

as far (or long, or much) as, whether of space (even unto) or time (during, while, until) or degree (equally with)

Root

properly, the same as H5703 (עד) (used as a preposition, adverb or conjunction; especially with a preposition);

Exhaustive

properly, the same as עד (used as a preposition, adverb or conjunction; especially with a preposition); as far (or long, or much) as, whether of space (even unto) or time (during, while, until) or degree (equally with); against, and, as, at, before, by (that), even (to), for(-asmuch as), (hither-) to, [phrase] how long, into, as long (much) as, (so) that, till, toward, until, when, while, ([phrase] as) yet.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5704

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עַד

particle • Strongs / High • Page 1053

A particle expressing continuance, progress, or duration; until, unto, as far as, up to, during, even, exceedingly. Denotes limits in space, time (till now, forever), or degree (highest limit).

עַד

noun • Root עדה ערה • Strongs / High • Page 1053

Progress, advance (in space); duration, perpetuitas; hence, eternity, perpetuity, everlasting.

עַד

adverb / preposition • Root עוד • Strongs / High • Page 1060

Adverb: again, once more (repetition); continuedly, continually (continuance of action); longer, further, advanced state. Also Preposition/Conjunction: till, now, during (a time), while still.

עַד

preposition / conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 1054

1. (Of space) To, unto, as far as, even to; also like, as. 2. (Of time/Conj.) Till now, whilst that, until, so that, to the degree that. 3. (Particle) Even (used to intensify meaning).

עַד

noun masculine • Root עדה • Strongs / High • Page 1054

Booty, spoil (parallel to plunder).

עַד

noun masculine • Root עדה • Strongs / High • Page 1054

Dress, ornament (found only in proper names).

עַד

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1054

Witness, testimony (collateral form of עֵד).

עַד

aram. prep. (aramaic) • Strongs / High • Page 1054

(Aramaic, same as Hebr. עַד 2) During, until, till at the last; to the intent that.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עַד

m. subst. / preposition / conj. • Root עדה • Page 491

1. as a subst. eternity, duration. Ps. 9: 19. 19: 10. 2. as a subst. booty, prey. Gen. 49: 27. 3. as a prep. unto, until, spoken of time and space. Hab. 1: 2. 4. as a prep. during, while. Judg. 3: 26. 5. as a conj. until, construed with a pret. Josh.

עַד

chald. prep. and conj. • Page 492

As in Hebrew (preceding page).

Conjunction, Preposition

LXX: ἕωσ εἰσ '' ---

LXX Usage Statistics

H5704:

ἕωσ 1013× (78.3%)

εἰσ 28× (2.2%)

'' 26× (1.7%)

--- 24× (1.9%)

ἕωσ 22× (1.7%)

μέχρι 12× (0.9%)

ἔτι 11× (0.8%)

ἐπὶ 9× (0.7%)

dἕωσ 7× (0.5%)

πρὸσ 7× (0.6%)

כוש כּוּשׁ

Blackened ("Cush")

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כוש

Kûwsh

Definition

Cush (or Ethiopia), the name of a son of Ham, and of his territory; also of an Israelite

Root

probably of foreign origin;

Exhaustive

probably of foreign origin; Cush (or Ethiopia), the name of a son of Ham, and of his territory; also of an Israelite; Chush, Cush, Ethiopia.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3568

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כּוּשׁ

root • Strongs / High • Page 686

A root word related to being heated or glowing. The organic root is identified as כּוּר.

כּוּשׁ

noun proper • Strongs / High • Page 686

(contracted from כָּוֶשׁ, from כבשׁ II.). n. p. of the oldest son of Ham; the head of the great Ethiopian race.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

כּוּשׁ

noun feminine • Page 312

Ethiopia, in the widest sense, including the southern part of Arabia and the original seat of the Ethiopians. Mentioned in Gen. 10:7, 8; Num. 12:1; 2 Chr. 14:8; 21:16; Hab. 3:7; Jer. 13:23; Is. 18:1; Zeph. 3:10; Job 28:19; Am. 9:7; Jer. 38:7, 10, 12; 39:16; Gen 2:13.

Noun proper name

LXX: αἰθιόπων χουσι χουσ αἰθιοπίασ αἰθίοπεσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3568a:

αἰθιόπων 9× (17.2%)

χουσι 9× (15.8%)

χουσ 6× (11.4%)

αἰθιοπίασ 6× (11.1%)

αἰθίοπεσ 6× (10.5%)

αἰθίοψ 3× (5.3%)

αἰθιοπία 2× (3.6%)

αἰθίοπασ 2× (3.3%)

αἰθιοπίαν 2× (3.3%)

αἰθίοψιν 2× (3.0%)

שבע שֶׁבַע

seven

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

שבע

shebaʻ

Definition

seven (as the sacred full one); also (adverbially) seven times; by implication, a week; by extension, an indefinite number

Root

or (masculine) (שבעה); from H7650 (שבע); a primitive cardinal number;

Exhaustive

or (masculine) (שבעה); from שבע; a primitive cardinal number; seven (as the sacred full one); also (adverbially) seven times; by implication, a week; by extension, an indefinite number; ([phrase] by) seven(-fold),-s, (-teen, -teenth), -th, times). Compare שבענה.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7651

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שֶׁבַע

numeral • Strongs / High • Page 1041

Seven (Comparative example for interchange with Ayin, corresponding to 'septem' in context)

שֶׁבַע

numeral / noun masculine / noun proper • Strongs / High • Page 1376

1. (Numeral) Seven; used generally as a figure for the number seven. 2. (n. m.) A Covenant or an Oath. 3. (n. p.) Part of a place name, like Beer-sheba (בְּאֵר שֶׁבַע).

שֶׁבַע

numeral cardinal / adv. • Strongs / High • Page 1375

Seven (masculine numeral). Used cardinally, as an ordinal, or adverbially meaning seven times/often. Also denotes the sacred number seven.

שֶׁבַע

numeral cardinal • Strongs / High • Page 1377

seven (numeral card. f., absolute or construct state).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שָׂבַע

verb • Root שבע • Page 634

3. rich or abounding in any thing. Deut. 33:23. Job 14:1. 10:15.

שָׂבַע

m. verbal • Root שבע • Page 634

1. satiety. Ex. 16:3. 2. fullness. Ps. 16:11.

שֹׂבַע

m. verbal • Root שבע • Page 634

satiety, hence abundance, plenty. Prov. 3: 10. Gen. 41:29 ff.

שָׂבַע and שָׂבֵעַ

verb • Page 633

1. To be satisfied, satiated, or filled, particularly with food (Am. 4:8, Prov. 30:16, Ps. 104:16). 2. To be tired, weary, or disgusted (Is. 1:11, Job 7:4, Prov. 25:17). Includes Pi'el and Hiph'il forms meaning 'to satisfy' (Ezek. 7:19, Ps. 107:9).

שֶׁבַע

f. const. שְׁבַע and שִׁבְעָה / const. שִׁבְעַת • Page 652

1. seven, placed before or after a noun. Often used as a round or sacred number (Gen. 8:10, Num. 23:1, Job 1:2, Gen. 21:28). 2. seven times, usually as an indefinite round number (Ps. 119:164, Prov. 24:16).

שֶׁבַע

proper name • Root שבע • Page 652

Gen. 26:33. proper name of a well so called from an oath (שְׁבוּעָה).

Adjective cardinal number both singular absolute

LXX: ἑπτὰ ἑπτακόσιοι ἑπτά ἑπτάκισ ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H7651:

ἑπτὰ 227× (50.6%)

ἑπτακόσιοι 26× (5.7%)

ἑπτά 21× (4.5%)

ἑπτάκισ 19× (4.5%)

'' 15× (3.0%)

τριάκοντα 9× (1.7%)

εἴκοσι 9× (1.8%)

ἑβδόμῳ 9× (1.6%)

ἑκατὸν 7× (1.7%)

ἑβδόμῃ 6× (1.4%)

ועשרים וְעֶשְׂרִים

and dual-ten

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

עשרים

ʻesrîym

Definition

twenty; also (ordinal) twentieth

Root

from H6235 (עשר);

Exhaustive

from עשר; twenty; also (ordinal) twentieth; (six-) score, twenty(-ieth).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6242

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עֶשְׂרִים

numeral • Root עשר • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1144

Twenty. Plural form derived from עֲשָׂרָה. Used as a cardinal number or sometimes for the ordinal number (the twentieth).

Matched via consonantal key only

Conjunction, Adjective cardinal number masculine plural absolute

LXX: εἴκοσι πέντε εἰκοσαετοῦσ ἑκατὸν δύο

LXX Usage Statistics

H6242:

εἴκοσι 219× (45.9%)

πέντε 37× (6.8%)

εἰκοσαετοῦσ 28× (5.5%)

ἑκατὸν 25× (5.6%)

δύο 21× (3.9%)

τέσσαρεσ 19× (4.0%)

'' 12× (2.4%)

εἰκάδι 12× (1.7%)

τρεῖσ 8× (1.4%)

εἰκοστῷ 7× (1.3%)

ומאה וּמֵאָה

and a hundredfold

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

מאה

mêʼâh

Definition

a hundred; also as a multiplicative and a fraction

Root

or מאיה; properly, a primitive numeral

Exhaustive

or מאיה; properly, a primitive numeral; a hundred; also as a multiplicative and a fraction; hundred((-fold), -th), [phrase] sixscore.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3967

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מֵאָה

f. noun • Root מאה • Strongs / High • Page 798

A multitude, a heap; then a hundred, either as a large round sum or a definite number. Its dual form מָאתַיִם means two hundred, and its plural מֵאוֹת means hundreds.

מֵאָה

numeral noun / f. • Strongs / High • Page 799

A hundred; a hundred-fold; the hundredth. Also used to denote extent or greatness, as in מִגְדַּל הַמֵּאָה (tower of extent, giant-tower).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מֵאָה

f. const. מְאַת / dec. xi. b. • Page 351

a hundred. Includes various forms like dual מָאתַיִם and plur. מֵאוֹות. (Gen. 17:17, 25:7; Prov. 17:10; Ecc. 8:12). Also prob. interest, usury (Neh. 5:11). Also proper name of a tower in Jerusalem (Neh. 3:1, 12:39).

Conjunction, Adjective cardinal number feminine singular absolute

LXX: ἑκατὸν εἴκοσι πεντήκοντα τριάκοντα διακόσιοι

LXX Usage Statistics

H3967:

ἑκατὸν 146× (18.2%)

εἴκοσι 46× (5.0%)

πεντήκοντα 44× (4.5%)

τριάκοντα 39× (4.3%)

διακόσιοι 38× (4.8%)

ἑξακόσιοι 33× (4.1%)

πέντε 25× (2.1%)

ἑπτακόσιοι 23× (2.8%)

δύο 22× (1.9%)

τριακόσιοι 21× (2.7%)

מדינה מְדִינָה׃

governed realm

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מדינה

mᵉdîynâh

Definition

properly, a judgeship, i.e. jurisdiction; by implication, a district (as ruled by a judge); generally, a region

Root

from H1777 (דין);

Exhaustive

from דין; properly, a judgeship, i.e. jurisdiction; by implication, a district (as ruled by a judge); generally, a region; ([idiom] every) province.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4082

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מְדִינָה

noun feminine • Root דין • Strongs / High • Page 813

A late word, properly meaning judgment or jurisdiction, then a satrapy or province.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מְדִינָה

f. verbal • Root דין • Page 357

Literally a jurisdiction; hence 1. a province (e.g., district of the Persian empire, Est. 1: 1); 2. a land, country (Dan. 11: 24).

מְדִינָה

f. chald. • Page 357

1. a province (Dan. 3: 2, 3); 2. a land, country (Dan. 2: 48, 49).

Noun common feminine singular absolute

LXX: χώραν χωρῶν βασιλείᾳ χώρᾳ χώραισ

LXX Usage Statistics

H4082:

χώραν 8× (11.6%)

χωρῶν 7× (10.2%)

βασιλείᾳ 7× (9.9%)

χώρᾳ 4× (6.3%)

χώραισ 4× (6.3%)

χώρασ 4× (5.8%)

σατραπείαισ 3× (5.1%)

'' 3× (4.4%)

σατραπῶν 3× (4.4%)

χώρασ 3× (4.4%)

RBT Translation:

and he is being within manifestations/days  I am Keeping Quiet and Have Been Poor (Ahash-u-rosh) Himself  I am Keeping Quiet and Have Been Poor (Ahash-u-rosh) the King from Echo of Himself (Hodu) and until Blackened ("Cush") seven and dual-ten and a hundredfold governed realm

RBT Paraphrase:
And he is being within manifestations of I am Keeping Quiet and Have Been Poor ("Ahash-u-rosh"),¹ Himself I am Keeping Quiet and Have Been Poor ("Ahash-u-rosh"), the King from Echo of Himself ("Hedo")² and until Blackened ("Cush"), seven and dual-ten and a hundredfold of a governed realm,

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And it will be in the days of Ahasuerus, (this Ahasuerus reigned from India and even to Cush; seven and twenty and one hundred provinces:)

LITV Translation:
And it happened, in the days of Ahasuerus (he is Ahasuerus who reigned from India even to Ethiopia, over a hundred and twenty seven provinces)

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
In the second year of the reign of Artaxerxes the great king, on the first day of Nisan, Mordecai the son of Jair, the son of Shimei, the son of Kish, of the tribe of Benjamin,

Footnotes

Est. 1:1

Est. 1:1

In the Hebrew folk etymology the break down this name is straightfoward: אחש ורוש means I am keeping quiet and have been poor derived from the Hebrew verb chashah (Strong's H2814), meaning "to be silent," "to hold peace," or "to be still" in the first-person imperfect tense (cf.  אחשה in Isaiah 65:6 for example). Ve: A simple conjunction meaning "and." Rash: From the root ruwsh (Strong's H7326), signifying "to be poor," "needy," or "impoverished."

 

 

Ahash and Rush

noun: Ahasuerus

Est. 1:1

Est. 1:1

The Hebrew noun הֵד (hêd), meaning echo, reverberation, shout, sounding again with a 3ms pronominal suffix as הדוֹ (“his echo”). See Strong’s number is H1906.