Deuteronomy 4:11

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

ותקרבון וַתִּקְרְבוּן

your inner selves are seq

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

קרב

qârab

Definition

to approach (causatively, bring near) for whatever purpose

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to approach (causatively, bring near) for whatever purpose; (cause to) approach, (cause to) bring (forth, near), (cause to) come (near, nigh), (cause to) draw near (nigh), go (near), be at hand, join, be near, offer, present, produce, make ready, stand, take.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7126

נ

Definition

paragogic

Root

Exhaustive

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9013

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

קָרַב

verb • Root קרב • Strongs / High • Page 755

to draw near to

קָרַב

verb • Strongs / High • Page 753

To approach (used for comparison with קִלֵּב, Lamed/Resh interchange)

קָרַב

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1294

To lay hold of, to seize, to take; to pierce, to hurt. (I. Not used in Hebrew, used in Chaldee.)

קָרַב

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1294

To join a thing, to stick to, to cling to, to approach, draw near (abs., or with אֶל or עַל); to draw near (with good will or in hostile sense); to devote oneself to God, appear before Him; euphemistically, to cohabit with a woman.

קָרַב

verb qal • Root קרב • Strongs / High • Page 1295

To draw near, to approach. Also, generally, to sacrifice (to bring near the object of sacrifice); or, to be near (in place or time).

קָרַב

verb piel • Root קרב • Strongs / High • Page 1295

To fold up or wind together, applied to certain interior parts of the body (e.g., sheaths and covers).

קָרַב

verb • Root קרב • Strongs / High • Page 1294

(I. not used) tr. to lay hold of, to seize, to take; applied not only to birds of prey, but to hostile men; to pierce, to hurt.

קָרַב

verb qal • Strongs / High • Page 1294

(II. intr.) prop. to join a thing, to stick to, to cling to, to approach, to draw near. Especially: a) to draw near to one with good will, to devote oneself to God, to appear before Him, to perform service; c) (euphemist.) to cohabit with a woman; d) to approach in a hostile sense. Also applied metaphorically to time, to approach.

קָרַב

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1295

I. 1. To approach, to come near. 2. To be sacrificed. 3. To be near, doing a thing. (Also Niphal: To be sacrificed, to be near, to bring close to each other.)

קָרַב

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1295

II. To bring close to each other, i. e. removing them from their former places.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

קָרַב

verb • Root קרב • Page 595

To be near to a thing; to come near; to bring near; to grant access; to bring or join together. Verse references include Gen. 47: 29, Is. 41: 21, Job 31: 37, Ezek. 37: 17.

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential imperfect second person masculine plural, Suffix paragogic nun

LXX: προσάξει προσάξετε προσοίσει προσήγαγεν προσήνεγκαν

LXX Usage Statistics

H7126:

προσάξει 18× (5.8%)

προσάξετε 17× (5.5%)

προσοίσει 16× (5.1%)

προσήγαγεν 10× (3.1%)

προσήνεγκαν 9× (2.8%)

προσάξεισ 8× (2.6%)

προσοίσετε 8× (2.7%)

προσήνεγκεν 7× (2.2%)

προσελεύσεται 7× (2.5%)

προσάξουσιν 6× (2.1%)

ותעמדון וַתַּעַמְדוּן

your inner selves are seq

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

עמד

ʻâmad

Definition

to stand, in various relations (literal and figurative, intransitive and transitive)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to stand, in various relations (literal and figurative, intransitive and transitive); abide (behind), appoint, arise, cease, confirm, continue, dwell, be employed, endure, establish, leave, make, ordain, be (over), place, (be) present (self), raise up, remain, repair, [phrase] serve, set (forth, over, -tle, up), (make to, make to be at a, with-) stand (by, fast, firm, still, up), (be at a) stay (up), tarry.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5975

נ

Definition

paragogic

Root

Exhaustive

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9013

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עָמַד

verb • Root עמד • Strongs / High • Page 1102

(Intransitive) To stand upright, be set up (of a pillar); to stand still, stop; to stand before (in service), serve, wait upon; to assist, protect. (Figurative) To stand firm, endure, persist, persevere; to hold good; to continue to live.

עָמַד

verb • Root עמד • Strongs / High • Page 1103

To stand, stand up, stand still, stop, endure, continue, abide, be calm, stay, remain (Kal); To be established, preserved, set (Niph.); To be placed, continue to stand upright (Hoph.); To set up, to erect, place, make firm, appoint, constitute, establish, impart, set forth for a law, to make stand (Hif.).

עָמַד

verb • Root עמד • Strongs / High • Page 1103

Intransitive: to waver (Kal not used); causative (Hif. הֶעֱמִיר): to make waver, to cause to shake; to make rigid, to lame. (Transposed from עָמַק.)

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עִמָּד

preposition • Root עם • Page 513

Equivalent to עִם; a preposition found only with the suffix עִמָּדִי, meaning 'with'.

עָמַד

verb • Root עמד • Page 513

I. 1. To stand, stay (1 Sam. 20:38); to stand before someone as a servant (Gen. 41:46). 2. To stand firm, to abide (Ps. 33:11, 102:27). 3. To continue, stay (Ex. 9:28, Lev. 13:5). 4. To keep (a covenant) (Ezek. 17:14); to stand up, arise (Dan. 12:1, 8:23). 5. Passive of Hiphil: to be set, placed, appointed (Ezra 10:14).

עָמַד

verb • Root עמד • Page 513

Found only in Hiphil (Ezek. 29:7), by transposition for הַמְעַדְתָּ meaning 'thou causedst their loins to shake.'

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential imperfect second person masculine plural, Suffix paragogic nun

LXX: ἔστη ἔστησαν εἱστήκει στήσεται στήσονται

LXX Usage Statistics

H5975:

ἔστη 65× (11.6%)

ἔστησαν 56× (10.2%)

εἱστήκει 21× (4.2%)

στήσεται 18× (3.5%)

στήσονται 14× (2.7%)

ἔστησεν 14× (2.5%)

στῆθι 12× (2.4%)

--- 10× (2.0%)

στήσει 9× (1.6%)

στῆναι 9× (1.7%)

תחת תַּחַת

below/instead

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

תחת

tachath

Definition

the bottom (as depressed); only adverbially, below (often with prepositional prefix underneath), in lieu of, etc.

Root

from the same as H8430 (תוח);

Exhaustive

from the same as תוח; the bottom (as depressed); only adverbially, below (often with prepositional prefix underneath), in lieu of, etc.; as, beneath, [idiom] flat, in(-stead), (same) place (where...is), room, for...sake, stead of, under, [idiom] unto, [idiom] when...was mine, whereas, (where-) fore, with.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8478

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

תָּחַת

unknown • Root נחת • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1507

(not used) intr. same as הִין II., and so fig. to be humble, modest. Deriv. the proper name תַּחַת.

Matched via consonantal key only

תַּחַת

noun feminine / preposition / conj. / noun proper • Root חתת • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1509

Derived forms include תַּחְתִּי, תַּחְתִּית (f.). 1. (n. f.) A depression, sinking, the deep, the under part, base, or support (Job 40:12; Hab. 3:16). 2. (prep.) Under, below, at the foot of (Gen. 7:19; Ex. 24:4); in place of, instead of (Ex. 21:26); between (Job 30:7). 3. (conj.) For that, because, eo quod (Deut. 21:14). 4. (n. p.) A station of the Israelites in the wilderness (Num. 33:26). 5. (n. p. m.) Humility, modesty (1 Chr. 6:9).

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

תְּחֹת

chald. • Page 714

Chaldee equivalent of the Hebrew word תַּחַת (tahat), meaning 'under' or 'from under'. Cited in Dan. 4:11 [4:14].

תַּחַת

noun masculine • Page 713

1. what is under or below. Used as an accusative adverbially, below, beneath. In the construct state used as a preposition: under. Ex. 20:4, Gen. 1:7. 2. what is under a person, a place, spot. Zech. 6:12. (1) as an accusative used adverbially, on or in the place or spot. Ex. 16:29. (2) in the place of, instead of, loco. Lev. 16:32. Est. 2:17.

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: ὑποκάτω ὑπὸ ἀντὶ ἀντ' ὑπο

LXX Usage Statistics

H8478:

ὑποκάτω 74× (15.9%)

ὑπὸ 58× (13.0%)

ἀντὶ 58× (13.0%)

ἀντ' 56× (12.5%)

ὑπο 33× (7.4%)

ὑποκάτωθεν 18× (4.0%)

'' 16× (3.0%)

ἀνθ' 12× (2.7%)

--- 12× (2.7%)

ὧν 11× (2.1%)

ההר הָהָר

the Mountain

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

הר

har

Definition

a mountain or range of hills (sometimes used figuratively)

Root

a shortened form of H2042 (הרר);

Exhaustive

a shortened form of הרר; a mountain or range of hills (sometimes used figuratively); hill (country), mount(-ain), [idiom] promotion.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2022

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הַר

noun / masculine • Root הרר • Strongs / High • Page 411

1. a mountain, a hill. 2. Figuratively, a great power, kingdom, or obstacle. 3. A mountain-district or hill country.

הַר

noun • Root הרר • Strongs / High • Page 412

A mountain, height. The noun comes from a stem meaning to be high or elevated. It is used to refer to mountainous districts and in combination with place names.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הַר

noun masculine • Page 192

a mountain, often a chain of mountains, mountainous country (Gen. 14:10). Plural: הָרִים.

Particle definite article, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: ὄροσ ὄρουσ ὄρει ὄρη ὀρέων

LXX Usage Statistics

H2022:

ὄροσ 157× (27.0%)

ὄρουσ 100× (17.5%)

ὄρει 92× (14.0%)

ὄρη 79× (14.2%)

ὀρέων 46× (8.1%)

ὄρεσιν 14× (2.2%)

--- 10× (2.0%)

ὀρεινὴν 7× (1.0%)

pεἰσ 6× (1.2%)

ὀρέων 5× (0.8%)

וההר וְהָהר

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

הר

har

Definition

a mountain or range of hills (sometimes used figuratively)

Root

a shortened form of H2042 (הרר);

Exhaustive

a shortened form of הרר; a mountain or range of hills (sometimes used figuratively); hill (country), mount(-ain), [idiom] promotion.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2022

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הַר

noun / masculine • Root הרר • Strongs / High • Page 411

1. a mountain, a hill. 2. Figuratively, a great power, kingdom, or obstacle. 3. A mountain-district or hill country.

הַר

noun • Root הרר • Strongs / High • Page 412

A mountain, height. The noun comes from a stem meaning to be high or elevated. It is used to refer to mountainous districts and in combination with place names.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הַר

noun masculine • Page 192

a mountain, often a chain of mountains, mountainous country (Gen. 14:10). Plural: הָרִים.

Conjunction, Particle definite article, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: ὄροσ ὄρουσ ὄρει ὄρη ὀρέων

LXX Usage Statistics

H2022:

ὄροσ 157× (27.0%)

ὄρουσ 100× (17.5%)

ὄρει 92× (14.0%)

ὄρη 79× (14.2%)

ὀρέων 46× (8.1%)

ὄρεσιν 14× (2.2%)

--- 10× (2.0%)

ὀρεινὴν 7× (1.0%)

pεἰσ 6× (1.2%)

ὀρέων 5× (0.8%)

בער בֹּעֵר

he consumed/devoured

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

בער

bâʻar

Definition

to kindle, i.e. consume (by fire or by eating); to be(-come) brutish

Root

a primitive root; also as denominative from H1198 (בער)

Exhaustive

a primitive root; also as denominative from בער; to kindle, i.e. consume (by fire or by eating); to be(-come) brutish; be brutish, bring (put, take) away, burn, (cause to) eat (up), feed, heat, kindle, set (on fire), waste.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1197

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

בָּעֵר

noun masculine • Consonantal / Medium • Page 267

a taking away, a removing (prop. infin. Pihel).

Matched via consonantal key only

בַּעַר

noun masculine • Root בער • Consonantal / Medium • Page 267

field, wood, generally what is not built upon; Metaphor. wildness, roughness; hence fig. want of cultivation, silliness, stupidity.

Matched via consonantal key only

בָּעַר

verb • Root בער • Consonantal / Medium • Page 266

1. To kindle, set fire to, to burn, to consume (tr.); to burn, to blaze, to glow, to sparkle (intr.). 2. (Piel) To kindle, to take away, to root out, to remove, to annihilate. 3. (Pual) To be kindled. 4. (Hiphil) To cause to burn, to kindle; to root out thoroughly, to destroy; to feed upon.

Matched via consonantal key only

בָּעַר

verb • Root בער • Consonantal / Medium • Page 267

(not used) intr. to be wild, rough, not built upon, spoken of land, a field, a district.

Matched via consonantal key only

בָּעַר

verb • Root בער • Consonantal / Medium • Page 267

intr. to be stupid, foolish, metaphor. to be bad; Nif. to be infatuated.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

בֹּעֵר

verb • Root בער • Page 109

Burning. Is. 4:4.

בַּעַר

m. denom. • Root בער • Page 109

Brutish, stupid, like cattle. Ps. 49:11, 73:22, 92:7.

בָּעַר

verb • Page 109

1. to feed, graze, consume by grazing (Pi. no. 1, Hiph. no. 1). 2. to burn up, consume, kindle (Ps. 83:15, Job 1:16, Ex. 3:3, Is. 1:31). 3. to be dumb, brutish (Jer. 10:8, Ps. 94:8). Includes Niph. נִבְעַר, Pi. בִּעֵר, Pu. to burn, and Hiph. to feed upon/kindle.

Verb Qal participle active masculine singular absolute

LXX: ἐξαρεῖσ ἐκκαυθήσεται ἐξεκαύθη καιομένη ἐκαίετο

LXX Usage Statistics

H1197a:

ἐξαρεῖσ 9× (8.6%)

ἐκκαυθήσεται 4× (4.3%)

ἐξεκαύθη 4× (3.9%)

καιομένη 3× (3.3%)

ἐκαίετο 3× (3.3%)

καυθήσεται 3× (3.0%)

'' 3× (2.8%)

καιόμενοσ 2× (2.2%)

ἐξεκαύθησαν 2× (2.2%)

--- 2× (2.2%)

באש בָּאֵשׁ

within a fire

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

אש

ʼêsh

Definition

fire (literally or figuratively)

Root

a primitive word;

Exhaustive

a primitive word; fire (literally or figuratively); burning, fiery, fire, flaming, hot.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H784

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֵשׁ

noun masculine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 195

Man. Found only in the construct state in compound proper names (e.g., אֶשְׁבַּע).

אֵשׁ

noun feminine • Root אשש • Strongs_Numbers • Page 195

Fire (as an element); lightning; flame of wrath; war-fire. Metaphorically means to burn with fire.

אֵשׁ

noun masculine • Root איש • Strongs_Numbers • Page 196

Man (an abridged construct form of אִישׁ)

אֵשׁ

unknown • Strongs_Numbers • Page 1363

Example of interchange with ר (Resh).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֶשׁ

emph. אֶשָּׁא / chald. • Root אש • Page 75

Idem (same as Hebrew אֵשׁ fire). Dan. 7:11.

אֻשׁ

plur. אֻשִּׁין / chald. • Page 75

Foundation. Only Ezra 4: 12. 5: 16. 6: 3.

אֵשׁ

com. gen. • Page 75

1. fire—'fire of God' (lightening), Job 1:16. Figuratively the scorching heat of the sun, Joel 1:19, 20. 2. shining, glittering; e. g. of steel, Nah. 2:4.

Preposition -Within Art, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0784:

No stats available

עד עַד־

until/perpetually/witness

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

עד

ʻad

Definition

as far (or long, or much) as, whether of space (even unto) or time (during, while, until) or degree (equally with)

Root

properly, the same as H5703 (עד) (used as a preposition, adverb or conjunction; especially with a preposition);

Exhaustive

properly, the same as עד (used as a preposition, adverb or conjunction; especially with a preposition); as far (or long, or much) as, whether of space (even unto) or time (during, while, until) or degree (equally with); against, and, as, at, before, by (that), even (to), for(-asmuch as), (hither-) to, [phrase] how long, into, as long (much) as, (so) that, till, toward, until, when, while, ([phrase] as) yet.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5704

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עַד

particle • Strongs / High • Page 1053

A particle expressing continuance, progress, or duration; until, unto, as far as, up to, during, even, exceedingly. Denotes limits in space, time (till now, forever), or degree (highest limit).

עַד

noun • Root עדה ערה • Strongs / High • Page 1053

Progress, advance (in space); duration, perpetuitas; hence, eternity, perpetuity, everlasting.

עַד

adverb / preposition • Root עוד • Strongs / High • Page 1060

Adverb: again, once more (repetition); continuedly, continually (continuance of action); longer, further, advanced state. Also Preposition/Conjunction: till, now, during (a time), while still.

עַד

preposition / conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 1054

1. (Of space) To, unto, as far as, even to; also like, as. 2. (Of time/Conj.) Till now, whilst that, until, so that, to the degree that. 3. (Particle) Even (used to intensify meaning).

עַד

noun masculine • Root עדה • Strongs / High • Page 1054

Booty, spoil (parallel to plunder).

עַד

noun masculine • Root עדה • Strongs / High • Page 1054

Dress, ornament (found only in proper names).

עַד

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1054

Witness, testimony (collateral form of עֵד).

עַד

aram. prep. (aramaic) • Strongs / High • Page 1054

(Aramaic, same as Hebr. עַד 2) During, until, till at the last; to the intent that.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עַד

m. subst. / preposition / conj. • Root עדה • Page 491

1. as a subst. eternity, duration. Ps. 9: 19. 19: 10. 2. as a subst. booty, prey. Gen. 49: 27. 3. as a prep. unto, until, spoken of time and space. Hab. 1: 2. 4. as a prep. during, while. Judg. 3: 26. 5. as a conj. until, construed with a pret. Josh.

עַד

chald. prep. and conj. • Page 492

As in Hebrew (preceding page).

Preposition

LXX: ἕωσ εἰσ '' ---

LXX Usage Statistics

H5704:

ἕωσ 1013× (78.3%)

εἰσ 28× (2.2%)

'' 26× (1.7%)

--- 24× (1.9%)

ἕωσ 22× (1.7%)

μέχρι 12× (0.9%)

ἔτι 11× (0.8%)

ἐπὶ 9× (0.7%)

dἕωσ 7× (0.5%)

πρὸσ 7× (0.6%)

לב לֵב

a heart

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

לב

lêb

Definition

the heart; also used (figuratively) very widely for the feelings, the will and even the intellect; likewise for the centre of anything

Root

a form of H3824 (לבב);

Exhaustive

a form of לבב; the heart; also used (figuratively) very widely for the feelings, the will and even the intellect; likewise for the centre of anything; [phrase] care for, comfortably, consent, [idiom] considered, courag(-eous), friend(-ly), ((broken-), (hard-), (merry-), (stiff-), (stout-), double) heart(-ed), [idiom] heed, [idiom] I, kindly, midst, mind(-ed), [idiom] regard(-ed), [idiom] themselves, [idiom] unawares, understanding, [idiom] well, willingly, wisdom.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3820

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

לֵב

noun / masculine • Root לבב • Strongs / High • Page 763

The heart, used both physically and metaphorically. It is considered the seat of bodily life (anima, vita); the seat of mental life including will, desire, intention, intellect (knowing, perceiving, understanding, thinking); the seat of sensuous feelings and affections like joy, sorrow, despair, and trust; and the center of moral and spiritual life.

לֵב

noun • Root לבב • Strongs / High • Page 764

A gentile noun, with the plural form לִבִּים. Derived from לָבַב II.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

לֵב

noun masculine • Page 339

The heart. (1) The seat of intellect, mind, purpose, or intention (1 K. 8:17; Job 12:3). (2) Middle or midst, e.g., of the sea (Ex. 15:8) or heaven (Deut. 4:11). (3) Courage or spirit (Deut. 20:8; Gen. 42:28). (4) Used with suffixes to form a periphrasis of personal pronouns (Ex. 9:14). Includes Chald. form in Dan. 7:28.

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: καρδία καρδίαν καρδίᾳ καρδίασ διανοίᾳ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3820a:

καρδία 163× (25.0%)

καρδίαν 140× (21.9%)

καρδίᾳ 93× (14.7%)

καρδίασ 68× (11.0%)

διανοίᾳ 12× (1.7%)

'' 8× (1.2%)

αὐτῆσ 8× (1.0%)

--- 7× (1.3%)

φρενῶν 7× (1.3%)

καρδίαι 6× (1.0%)

השמים הָשָּׁמַיִם

the Dual-Heavenly Ones

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

שמים

shâmayim

Definition

the sky (as aloft; the dual perhaps alluding to the visible arch in which the clouds move, as well as to the higher ether where the celestial bodies revolve)

Root

dual of an unused singular שמה; from an unused root meaning to be lofty;

Exhaustive

dual of an unused singular שמה; from an unused root meaning to be lofty; the sky (as aloft; the dual perhaps alluding to the visible arch in which the clouds move, as well as to the higher ether where the celestial bodies revolve); air, [idiom] astrologer, heaven(-s).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8064

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שָׁמַיִם

m. pl. • Root שמה • Strongs / High • Page 1446

properly height, high district (from שָׁמָה II); or the shining one, the light-producer; the circular heaven like a thin covering (רָקִיעַ).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שָׁמַיִם

masc. plur. const. שְׁמֵי • Root שמה , • Page 685

the heaven or heavens. Gen. 1: 1. 2: 1. 14: 19, 22. The Hebrews conceived of heaven as a solid arch resting on pillars (Job 26: 11), having foundations (2 Sam. 22: 8) and a gate (Gen. 28: 17).

Particle definite article, Noun common masculine plural absolute

LXX: οὐρανοῦ οὐρανὸν οὐρανὸσ οὐρανῷ οὐρανόν

LXX Usage Statistics

H8064:

οὐρανοῦ 201× (41.8%)

οὐρανὸν 66× (13.3%)

οὐρανὸσ 32× (6.4%)

οὐρανῷ 30× (5.5%)

οὐρανόν 28× (5.5%)

οὐρανοῦ 20× (4.2%)

οὐρανῶν 11× (2.3%)

'' 10× (2.1%)

pεἰσ 8× (2.0%)

οὐρανοὶ 8× (1.7%)

חשך חֹשֶׁךְ

a dark one

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

חשך

chôshek

Definition

the dark; hence (literally) darkness; figuratively, misery, destruction, death, ignorance, sorrow, wickedness

Root

from H2821 (חשך);

Exhaustive

from חשך; the dark; hence (literally) darkness; figuratively, misery, destruction, death, ignorance, sorrow, wickedness; dark(-ness), night, obscurity.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2822

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

חָשַׁךְ

verb • Consonantal / Medium • Page 540

To be dark, to be obscured. Used literally for celestial bodies, light, eyes, or a land, and figuratively for mental or political obscuration, misfortune, or a low condition.

Matched via consonantal key only

חָשַׂךְ

verb • Root חשך • Consonantal / Medium • Page 541

To hold, to hold back, to keep off, to withhold, detain, refuse; to keep from, deliver; to save, keep far from, spare; to keep back, reserve; to give a check to, put a stop to; to snatch; to give abundantly; to moderate. Nif. (נֶחֱשַׂךְ): to be held in, moderated; to be delivered.

Matched via consonantal key only

חָשֵׁךְ

adjective • Root חשך • Consonantal / Medium • Page 541

dark, low, poor, mean; obscure, low people.

Matched via consonantal key only

חָשַׁךְ

verb • Root חשך • Consonantal / Medium • Page 541

To veil, to cover; its fundamental significance is related to darkness as a veiling of light. Hif. (הֶחֱשִׁיךְ): 1. to make dark, to darken. 2. Figuratively, to darken, to confuse.

Matched via consonantal key only

חֹשֶׁךְ

masculine noun • Root חשך • Consonantal / Medium • Page 541

1. darkness, as opposed to light; duskishness, a dark night, dark cloud, dark shadow. 2. Figuratively: helplessness, dark sheol, the grave, a prison, danger, misfortune, misery, death, wretchedness. 3. darkness of the understanding, i.e., ignorance, short-sightedness; falsehood, injustice; sadness.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

חָשַׁךְ

verb • Page 255

to be darkened, obscured, dim; spoken of the light of the sun, Job 18:6. Is. 5:30. 13:10. Ex. 10:15. Lam. 5:17. Ps. 69:24. Ecc. 12:3. Hiph. to make dark, Am. 5:8. Metaphorically Job 38:2. Intrans. to be dark, Ps. 139:12. Jer. 13:16.

חֹשֶׁךְ

m. verbal from חָשַׁךְ / dec. vi. m. • Root חשך • Page 255

1. darkness. Gen. 1:2 ff. hence hades, the regions of the dead, Ps. 88:13. 2. used metaphorically for (1.) misfortune, Is. 9:1. (2.) sadness, Ecc. 5:16. (3.) ignorance, Job 37:19.

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: σκότοσ σκότει σκότουσ ---% ---

LXX Usage Statistics

H2822:

σκότοσ 40× (48.6%)

σκότει 15× (15.2%)

σκότουσ 12× (14.6%)

---% 3× (3.1%)

--- 2× (2.6%)

pἐν 2× (2.6%)

ענן עָנָן

a cloud

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ענן

ʻânân

Definition

a cloud (as covering the sky), i.e. the nimbus or thunder-cloud

Root

from H6049 (ענן);

Exhaustive

from ענן; a cloud (as covering the sky), i.e. the nimbus or thunder-cloud; cloud(-y).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6051

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עָנָן

noun masculine • Root ענן • Strongs / High • Page 1114

1. A cloud, so called from veiling, covering; a figure of darkness and obscurity or quick disappearance; a sign of divine protection. 2. N. p. m. (A Protector, Defender, viz. Jah is).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עָנָן

m. const. • Page 518

a cloud (Gen. 9:14, Ex. 13:21, 22, 14:19).

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: νεφέλη νεφέλησ νεφέλῃ ὡσ νέφοσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H6051:

νεφέλη 35× (34.7%)

νεφέλησ 22× (23.7%)

νεφέλῃ 11× (10.1%)

ὡσ 6× (6.9%)

νέφοσ 5× (5.7%)

---% 3× (2.8%)

--- 2× (2.3%)

νεφέλην 2× (2.3%)

γνόφοσ 2× (2.3%)

ἀτμὶσ 2× (1.8%)

וערפל וַעֲרָפֶל׃

and a gloom

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ערפל

ʻărâphel

Definition

gloom (as of a lowering sky)

Root

probably from H6201 (ערף);

Exhaustive

probably from ערף; gloom (as of a lowering sky); (gross, thick) dark (cloud, -ness).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6205

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עֲרָפֶל

noun masculine • Root ערף • Strongs / High • Page 1137

Darkness, obscurity; hence a dark cloud, a dense cloud of locusts, or a figure of spiritual darkness.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עֲרָפֶל

m. a quadriliteral • Page 529

thick mist, darkness. Deut. 4: 11. Ps. 18: 10.

Conjunction, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: γνόφοσ θύελλα γνόφου ὁμίχλησ γνόφῳ

LXX Usage Statistics

H6205:

γνόφοσ 3× (18.5%)

θύελλα 2× (14.5%)

γνόφου 2× (12.4%)

ὁμίχλησ 2× (12.4%)

γνόφῳ 2× (12.4%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And ye shall come near and shall stand under the mountain; and the mountain burnt with fire even to the heart of the heavens, darkness, cloud, and gloom.

LITV Translation:
And you drew near and stood below the mountain, and the mountain burned with fire to the heart of the heavens, darkness, cloud and thick gloom.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
And ye drew nigh and stood under the mountain; and the mountain burned with fire up to heaven: there was darkness, blackness, and tempest.