Amos 8:14

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

הנשבעים הַנִּשְׁבָּעִים

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

שבע

shâbaʻ

Definition

to seven oneself, i.e. swear (as if by repeating a declaration seven times)

Root

a primitive root; properly to be complete, but used only as a denominative from H7651 (שבע);

Exhaustive

a primitive root; properly to be complete, but used only as a denominative from שבע; to seven oneself, i.e. swear (as if by repeating a declaration seven times); adjure, charge (by an oath, with an oath), feed to the full (by mistake for שבע), take an oath, [idiom] straitly, (cause to, make to) swear.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7650

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שָׁבַע

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1374

(Not used) Possibly assumed as a stem to שָׂבַע. See שָׂבַע.

שָׁבַע

denom. • Root שבע • Strongs / High • Page 1376

Denominative from שֶׁבַע. Intr. prop. to protest or confirm by sacred things, and so to swear.

שָׁבַע

unknown • Strongs / High • Page 1363

Example used in comparison of sibilants.

שָׁבַע

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1377

To adjure, to charge solemnly (often introduced by לֵאמֹר or אֲשֶׁר).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שָׁבַע

verb • Page 652

to swear. Kal found only in part. pass (Ezek. 21:28). Niph. נִשְׁבַּע to swear; construed with the person/thing sworn by (Gen. 21:23, Deut. 6:13) or the person sworn to (Gen. 24:7). Hiph. 1. to make to swear, to bind by an oath (Num. 5:19, Gen. 50:5). 2. to adjure, conjure.

Particle definite article, Verb Niphal participle active masculine plural absolute

LXX: ὤμοσεν ὤμοσα ὤμοσαν ὤμοσασ ὥρκισεν

LXX Usage Statistics

H7650:

ὤμοσεν 59× (30.6%)

ὤμοσα 24× (12.9%)

ὤμοσαν 9× (4.6%)

ὤμοσασ 8× (4.3%)

ὥρκισεν 8× (3.9%)

ὥρκισα 6× (3.1%)

--- 5× (2.7%)

ὀμόσῃ 4× (2.0%)

ὠμόσαμεν 4× (2.2%)

ὄμοσόν 4× (2.2%)

באשמת בְּאַשְׁמַת

in the hand

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

אשמה

ʼashmâh

Definition

guiltiness, a fault, the presentation of asin-offering

Root

feminine of H817 (אשם);

Exhaustive

feminine of אשם; guiltiness, a fault, the presentation of asin-offering; offend, sin, (cause of) trespass(-ing, offering).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H819

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אַשְׁמָה

noun feminine • Root אשם • Lemma_Lookup • Page 201

Prop. inf. Kal: the being in fault. As a substantive: 1. fault. 2. guilt. 3. condemnation, punishment of sin. 4. idol, properly the object of trespassing.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אַשְׁמָה

f. verbal • Root אשם • Page 78

1. infin. of אָשַׁם. 2. guilt, guiltiness (1 Chr. 21:3; Ezra 9:7). 3. trespass-offering, or presenting of a trespass-offering (Lev. 6:5).

Preposition, Noun common feminine singular construct

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0819:

No stats available

שמרון שֹׁמְרוֹן

Inner Watch Tower ("Samaria")

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

שמרון

Shômᵉrôwn

Definition

Shomeron, a place in Palestine

Root

from the active participle of H8104 (שמר); watch-station;

Exhaustive

from the active participle of שמר; watch-station; Shomeron, a place in Palestine; Samaria.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8111

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שֹׁמְרוֹן

noun proper feminine • Root שמר • Strongs / High • Page 1454

n. p. f. of a considerable mountain in central Palestine (called הַר שִׁמְרוֹן), and the metropolis of the kingdom of the ten tribes (Samaria).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שֹׁמְרוֹן

noun feminine • Page 689

Samaria, a proper name. (1.) The metropolis of the kingdom of Israel and the royal residence, situated on a mountain of the same name. 1 K. 16: 24. Am. 4: 1. 6: 1. (2.) Name of a country. 2 K. 17: 26. 23: 19.

Noun proper name

LXX: σαμαρείᾳ σαμαρείασ σαμάρειαν σαμάρεια pεἰσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H8111:

σαμαρείᾳ 33× (27.9%)

σαμαρείασ 31× (29.6%)

σαμάρειαν 22× (19.3%)

σαμάρεια 10× (9.6%)

pεἰσ 6× (6.0%)

σομορων 3× (3.0%)

σεμερων 2× (1.7%)

ואמרו וְאָמְר֗וּ

and they are saying

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

אמר

ʼâmar

Definition

to say (used with great latitude)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to say (used with great latitude); answer, appoint, avouch, bid, boast self, call, certify, challenge, charge, [phrase] (at the, give) command(-ment), commune, consider, declare, demand, [idiom] desire, determine, [idiom] expressly, [idiom] indeed, [idiom] intend, name, [idiom] plainly, promise, publish, report, require, say, speak (against, of), [idiom] still, [idiom] suppose, talk, tell, term, [idiom] that is, [idiom] think, use (speech), utter, [idiom] verily, [idiom] yet.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H559

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אָמַר

verb • Root אמר • Strongs_Numbers • Page 155

1. (not used) to stand prominently upwards, to project upwards, hence to be elevated. 2. to say, to speak, to command; to press out sounds from within.

אָמַר

verb • Root אמר • Strongs_Numbers • Page 755

to say, speak

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אָמַר

verb • Root אמר • Page 58

1. to say (dico). Differs from דבר (to speak) in that אָמַר is almost uniformly followed by the words spoken (Lev. 1:2; Gen. 44:16). 2. to think. (Speaking and thinking).

אָמַר

verb • Root אמר • Page 59

To command (Est 1:17, 1 Chr 21:17); to praise (Ps 40:11). Niph.: to be said, to be called holy (Is 4:3). Hiph.: to declare solemnly, to promise (Deut 26:17, 18). Hithpa.: to boast one's self (Ps 94:4), or to exercise dominion.

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential perfect third person common plural

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0559:

No stats available

חי חֵי

living one

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

חי

chay

Definition

alive; hence, raw (flesh); fresh (plant, water, year), strong; also (as noun, especially in the feminine singular and masculine plural) life (or living thing), whether literally or figuratively

Root

from H2421 (חיה);

Exhaustive

from חיה; alive; hence, raw (flesh); fresh (plant, water, year), strong; also (as noun, especially in the feminine singular and masculine plural) life (or living thing), whether literally or figuratively; [phrase] age, alive, appetite, (wild) beast, company, congregation, life(-time), live(-ly), living (creature, thing), maintenance, [phrase] merry, multitude, [phrase] (be) old, quick, raw, running, springing, troop.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2416

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

חַי

noun masculine • Root חיה • Strongs / High • Page 477

I. (abridged from חָיָה) 1. abstract: the power of life, life, vital energy; health as a salutation. 2. concrete: a living one, living thing, remaining, enduring. 3. thorn-bush, thorn-copse. 4. race, tribe, people, family.

חַי

adjective • Root חיה • Strongs / High • Page 477

II. (properly a participle of חָיָה) 1. living. 2. living again, reviving, becoming young again.

חַי

substantive • Root חיה • Strongs / High • Page 478

As a substantive: a living person or thing; living, i.e. living men; the earth inhabited by men.

חַי

aramaic adj. and subst. m. (aramaic) • Root חיה • Strongs / High • Page 478

Aramaic adjective and substantive for 'living'.

חַי

noun / masculine • Root חיה • Strongs / High • Page 478

An abridged form from חַיָּה; life, state, existence.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

חַי

adjective • Root חיה • Page 224

1. as an adj. living, lively. Gen. 3: 20. 2. fresh, flowing, spoken of water. Gen. 26: 19. 3. raw, fresh, spoken of flesh. 1 Sam. 2: 15. 4. reviving, living again. Gen. 18: 10. 5. as a subst. life. Lev. 25: 36. Often used in formulas of swearing (e.g., as Jehovah liveth).

Adjective adjective both singular absolute

LXX: ζωῆσ ζῇ θηρία ζῶ ζῶν

LXX Usage Statistics

H2416a:

ζωῆσ 82× (15.7%)

ζῇ 65× (13.1%)

θηρία 44× (7.8%)

ζῶ 23× (4.7%)

ζῶν 21× (3.9%)

'' 21× (3.7%)

ζῶντα 17× (3.4%)

θηρίοισ 17× (2.8%)

ζωὴν 15× (2.6%)

ζώντων 12× (2.3%)

אלהיך אֱלֹהֶיךָ

gods of yourself

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אלהים

ʼĕlôhîym

Definition

gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with the article) of the supreme God; occasionally applied by way of deference to magistrates; and sometimes as a superlative

Root

plural of H433 (אלוה);

Exhaustive

plural of אלוה; gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with the article) of the supreme God; occasionally applied by way of deference to magistrates; and sometimes as a superlative; angels, [idiom] exceeding, God (gods) (-dess, -ly), [idiom] (very) great, judges, [idiom] mighty.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H430

ך

Definition

your, personal posessive - noun suffix: 2nd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 2nd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9021

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֱלֹהִים

noun masculine plural • Root אלוה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 134

God, the Deity; used most frequently as a plural of majesty for the true and most high God (Jehovah); also used for national gods or guardian deities.

אֱלֹהִים

noun masculine plural • Strongs_Numbers • Page 135

Plural in form but often used as singular. 1. The supreme and universal God, God of humanity (distinct from the national name YHWH). 2. Applied to heathen gods. 3. Applied to judges (as representatives of God's judgment). 4. Applied to angels (disputed). 5. Applied to kings or ghosts. 6. Used with other nouns to express the superlative or highest degree (e.g., 'mountain of God' for a great mountain).

אֱלֹהִים

proper name • Strongs_Numbers • Page 591

God. The vowels of this word are assigned to the Tetragrammaton (יהוה) when it is preceded by אֲדֹנָי, resulting in the form יֱהֹוִה.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֱלֹהִים

plur. • Root אלוה • Page 51

1. gods, in the plural number (Ex. 20:3). 2. as a pluralis excellentiae: God in the singular (Gen. 1:1, etc.). 3. בֶּן-אֱלֹהִים (son of God), applied to kings, angels, or worshippers (Ps. 2:7, Gen. 6:2, Job 1:6). 4. אִישׁ אֱלֹהִים (man of God), applied to prophets and servants of God (Judg. 13:6, 1 Sam. 2:27, Deut. 33:1). 5. Used superlatively: 'great before God' (Jon. 3:3, Gen. 23:6).

Noun common masculine plural construct, Suffix pronominal second person masculine singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0430:

No stats available

דן דָּן

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

דן

Dân

Definition

Dan, one of the sons of Jacob; also the tribe descended from him, and its territory; likewise a place in Palestine colonized by them

Root

from H1777 (דין); judge;

Exhaustive

from דין; judge; Dan, one of the sons of Jacob; also the tribe descended from him, and its territory; likewise a place in Palestine colonized by them; Daniel

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1835

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

דָּן

noun proper • Root דון • Strongs / High • Page 374

Judge. 1. A son of Jacob, founder of the tribe of Dan. 2. The district of the tribe of Dan. 3. A Phenician name for a judge or ruler; also a city in northern Palestine. 4. An epithet, 'Dan playing the pipe'. 5. An abridged form.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

דָּן

proper name • Root דין • Page 170

1. A son of Jacob, also the tribe named from him. Josh. 19:40-48. 2. A city on the northern boundary of Palestine, formerly called Laish. Gen. 14:14. Josh. 19:47. Judg. 18:29.

Noun proper name

LXX: δαν ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H1835:

δαν 63× (85.6%)

δαν 4× (5.1%)

'' 3× (3.6%)

וחי וְחֵי

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

חי

chay

Definition

alive; hence, raw (flesh); fresh (plant, water, year), strong; also (as noun, especially in the feminine singular and masculine plural) life (or living thing), whether literally or figuratively

Root

from H2421 (חיה);

Exhaustive

from חיה; alive; hence, raw (flesh); fresh (plant, water, year), strong; also (as noun, especially in the feminine singular and masculine plural) life (or living thing), whether literally or figuratively; [phrase] age, alive, appetite, (wild) beast, company, congregation, life(-time), live(-ly), living (creature, thing), maintenance, [phrase] merry, multitude, [phrase] (be) old, quick, raw, running, springing, troop.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2416

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

חַי

noun masculine • Root חיה • Strongs / High • Page 477

I. (abridged from חָיָה) 1. abstract: the power of life, life, vital energy; health as a salutation. 2. concrete: a living one, living thing, remaining, enduring. 3. thorn-bush, thorn-copse. 4. race, tribe, people, family.

חַי

adjective • Root חיה • Strongs / High • Page 477

II. (properly a participle of חָיָה) 1. living. 2. living again, reviving, becoming young again.

חַי

substantive • Root חיה • Strongs / High • Page 478

As a substantive: a living person or thing; living, i.e. living men; the earth inhabited by men.

חַי

aramaic adj. and subst. m. (aramaic) • Root חיה • Strongs / High • Page 478

Aramaic adjective and substantive for 'living'.

חַי

noun / masculine • Root חיה • Strongs / High • Page 478

An abridged form from חַיָּה; life, state, existence.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

חַי

adjective • Root חיה • Page 224

1. as an adj. living, lively. Gen. 3: 20. 2. fresh, flowing, spoken of water. Gen. 26: 19. 3. raw, fresh, spoken of flesh. 1 Sam. 2: 15. 4. reviving, living again. Gen. 18: 10. 5. as a subst. life. Lev. 25: 36. Often used in formulas of swearing (e.g., as Jehovah liveth).

Conjunction, Adjective adjective both singular absolute

LXX: ζωῆσ ζῇ θηρία ζῶ ζῶν

LXX Usage Statistics

H2416a:

ζωῆσ 82× (15.7%)

ζῇ 65× (13.1%)

θηρία 44× (7.8%)

ζῶ 23× (4.7%)

ζῶν 21× (3.9%)

'' 21× (3.7%)

ζῶντα 17× (3.4%)

θηρίοισ 17× (2.8%)

ζωὴν 15× (2.6%)

ζώντων 12× (2.3%)

דרך דֶּרֶךְ

road

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

דרך

derek

Definition

a road (as trodden); figuratively, a course of life or mode of action, often adverb

Root

from H1869 (דרך);

Exhaustive

from דרך; a road (as trodden); figuratively, a course of life or mode of action, often adverb; along, away, because of, [phrase] by, conversation, custom, (east-) ward, journey, manner, passenger, through, toward, (high-) (path-) way(-side), whither(-soever).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1870

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

דָּרַךְ

verb • Root דרך • Consonantal / Medium • Page 377

prop. to go along, to advance, to ascend. Hence 1. intr. to go, to wander, to walk. 2. tr. to tread, to tread down, an enemy.

Matched via consonantal key only

דֶּרֶךְ

noun / common gender • Root דרך • Consonantal / Medium • Page 378

A derivative of the verb דָּרַךְ. 1. A going, walking, journey. 2. A way, path, via. 3. An accessible, level road. 4. Metaphorically, conduct, undertaking, or way of acting.

Matched via consonantal key only

דָּרַךְ

verb • Root דרך • Consonantal / Medium • Page 378

To tread, to walk. Specific uses include treading a wine-press, stretching or bending a bow by treading on it. Figuratively, to spur, drive, urge on, or in a bad sense, to despise.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

דֶּרֶךְ

com. gen. • Page 174

1. way, the place to which the way leads; 2. walk, manner of life, conduct; 3. religious walk, devotion to God, religion; 4. way, manner, method; 5. work.

דָּרַךְ

verb • Page 173

1. To tread, to tread on; often used with an accusative or various prepositions (Job 22: 15, Judg. 5: 21, Ps. 91: 13). 2. To bend or stretch a bow by resting it on the ground and treading on it (Ps. 7: 13, 11: 3, 37: 14, 1 Chr. 5: 18).

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: ὁδὸν ὁδῷ ὁδοὺσ ὁδοῦ ὁδοῖσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H1870:

ὁδὸν 148× (20.8%)

ὁδῷ 125× (15.6%)

ὁδοὺσ 59× (8.0%)

ὁδοῦ 57× (7.4%)

ὁδοῖσ 54× (6.7%)

ὁδόν 41× (5.5%)

ὁδὸσ 35× (4.9%)

ὁδούσ 25× (3.3%)

ὁδοὶ 19× (2.8%)

ὁδόσ 13× (1.7%)

באר בְּאֵר־

dug well

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

באר שבע

Bᵉʼêr Shebaʻ

Definition

Beer-Sheba, a place in Palestine

Root

from H875 (באר) and H7651 (שבע) (in the sense of H7650 (שבע)); well of an oath;

Exhaustive

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H884

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

בְּאֵר שֶׁבַע

proper noun • Root שבע • Strongs_Numbers • Page 1375

Beer-Sheba, the name of a place (well of the oath or seven springs).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שָׂבַע

verb • Root שבע • Page 634

3. rich or abounding in any thing. Deut. 33:23. Job 14:1. 10:15.

שָׂבַע

m. verbal • Root שבע • Page 634

1. satiety. Ex. 16:3. 2. fullness. Ps. 16:11.

שֹׂבַע

m. verbal • Root שבע • Page 634

satiety, hence abundance, plenty. Prov. 3: 10. Gen. 41:29 ff.

שָׂבַע and שָׂבֵעַ

verb • Page 633

1. To be satisfied, satiated, or filled, particularly with food (Am. 4:8, Prov. 30:16, Ps. 104:16). 2. To be tired, weary, or disgusted (Is. 1:11, Job 7:4, Prov. 25:17). Includes Pi'el and Hiph'il forms meaning 'to satisfy' (Ezek. 7:19, Ps. 107:9).

בְּאֵר שֶׁבַע

proper name • Page 85

Well of the oath; a place on the southern boundary of Palestine (Gen. 21:31, 26:33, 2 Sam. 17:11).

Noun proper name

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0884:

No stats available

שבע שָׁבַע

seven

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

באר שבע

Bᵉʼêr Shebaʻ

Definition

Beer-Sheba, a place in Palestine

Root

from H875 (באר) and H7651 (שבע) (in the sense of H7650 (שבע)); well of an oath;

Exhaustive

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H884

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

בְּאֵר שֶׁבַע

proper noun • Root שבע • Strongs_Numbers • Page 1375

Beer-Sheba, the name of a place (well of the oath or seven springs).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שָׂבַע

verb • Root שבע • Page 634

3. rich or abounding in any thing. Deut. 33:23. Job 14:1. 10:15.

שָׂבַע

m. verbal • Root שבע • Page 634

1. satiety. Ex. 16:3. 2. fullness. Ps. 16:11.

שֹׂבַע

m. verbal • Root שבע • Page 634

satiety, hence abundance, plenty. Prov. 3: 10. Gen. 41:29 ff.

שָׂבַע and שָׂבֵעַ

verb • Page 633

1. To be satisfied, satiated, or filled, particularly with food (Am. 4:8, Prov. 30:16, Ps. 104:16). 2. To be tired, weary, or disgusted (Is. 1:11, Job 7:4, Prov. 25:17). Includes Pi'el and Hiph'il forms meaning 'to satisfy' (Ezek. 7:19, Ps. 107:9).

בְּאֵר שֶׁבַע

proper name • Page 85

Well of the oath; a place on the southern boundary of Palestine (Gen. 21:31, 26:33, 2 Sam. 17:11).

Noun proper name

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0884:

No stats available

ונפלו וְנָפְלוּ

and they fell

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

נפל

nâphal

Definition

to fall, in a great variety of applications (intransitive or causative, literal or figurative)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to fall, in a great variety of applications (intransitive or causative, literal or figurative); be accepted, cast (down, self, (lots), out), cease, die, divide (by lot), (let) fail, (cause to, let, make, ready to) fall (away, down, -en, -ing), fell(-ing), fugitive, have (inheritance), inferior, be judged (by mistake for פלל), lay (along), (cause to) lie down, light (down), be ([idiom] hast) lost, lying, overthrow, overwhelm, perish, present(-ed, -ing), (make to) rot, slay, smite out, [idiom] surely, throw down.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5307

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נָפַל

verb • Root נפל • Strongs / High • Page 979

I. (not used) intr. to be large, tall, thick, strong, powerful, of the body.

נָפַל

verb • Root נפל • Strongs / High • Page 980

To fall, sink down, lie prostrate. Can refer to people, objects (buildings, mountains), lightning, etc. Metaphorically: to perish in war or by famine; to befall or happen to someone; to fail (a promise); to be cast (a lot); to prostrate oneself in worship or submission; to encamp; to defect to an enemy.

נָפַל

verb • Root נפל • Strongs / High • Page 981

To fall, lie, be prostrate, perish; to be allotted; to cast lots; to make the countenance fall, look gloomy; to let a promise fall, i.e., not to fulfil it; generally to let fall, to desist from.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נֵפֶל

noun masculine • Root נפל • Page 450

Verbal from נָפַל; an untimely birth, an abortion (Job 3:16, Ps. 58:9, Ecc. 6:3). Comp. Arabic abortus.

נָפַל

verb • Page 449

1. to fall (spoken of a house, city, or in war); to fall sick (Ex. 21: 18). 2. to descend as a revelation; to fall on one (sleep or terror); to fall away; to be cast as a lot; to fall to anyone in a division; to be inferior to; to be vain or fruitless; to fall out (turn out); to fall/sink in despondency; to fall into ruin. 3. (voluntary) to fall on the neck (embrace); to prostrate one's self; to fall on a sword; to fall upon (attack). Refs: Gen. 15: 12; 33: 4; Num. 34: 2; Job 1: 15; Ps. 78: 64.

נָפַל

verb • Page 450

To surprise (Josh. 11:7); to leap down, alight (Gen. 24:64, 2 K. 5:21); to encamp, spoken of a host (Judg. 7:12); to dwell (Gen. 25:18); also to be accepted (Jer. 37:20, 42:2). Hiphil (הִפִּיל): to let fall (Num. 35:23); to throw down (Deut. 25:2, Dan. 11:12); to fell, as trees (2 K. 3:19, 25); to cast, as the lot (Ps. 22:19); to distribute (Josh. 13:6, Ezek. 45:1); to cause to be unfulfilled (1 Sam. 3:19); to present a prayer (Jer. 38:26, Dan. 9:18); to let the countenance fall, to look gloomy (Jer. 3:12); to bring forth (Is. 26:19); to leave off, to cease (Judg. 2:19). Hithpael: to throw one's self down (Deut. 9:18, 25); to fall on any one (Gen. 43:18).

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential perfect third person common plural

LXX: ἔπεσεν πεσοῦνται πεσεῖται ἔπεσαν ἔπεσον

LXX Usage Statistics

H5307:

ἔπεσεν 49× (10.4%)

πεσοῦνται 46× (10.2%)

πεσεῖται 30× (6.6%)

ἔπεσαν 23× (4.9%)

ἔπεσον 13× (2.7%)

'' 13× (2.6%)

ἐμπεσεῖται 11× (2.5%)

ἐπέπεσεν 11× (2.5%)

--- 9× (2.1%)

πέσῃ 6× (1.4%)

ולא וְלֹא־

and not

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

לא

lôʼ

Definition

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

Root

or לוא; or לה; (Deuteronomy 3:11), a primitive particle;

Exhaustive

or לוא; or לה; (Deuteronomy 3:11), a primitive particle; not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles; [idiom] before, [phrase] or else, ere, [phrase] except, ig(-norant), much, less, nay, neither, never, no((-ne), -r, (-thing)), ([idiom] as though...,(can-), for) not (out of), of nought, otherwise, out of, [phrase] surely, [phrase] as truly as, [phrase] of a truth, [phrase] verily, for want, [phrase] whether, without.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3808

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

לֹא

negative particle • Root אל • Strongs / High • Page 759

A negative particle; not, no. It functions as an absolute negative, a negative answer to a question, or a refusal. Used with verbs in various tenses and moods to express negation or prohibition.

לֹא

particle • Strongs / High • Page 761

A K'ri reading for לוֹ.

לֹא

adverb / particle • Strongs / High • Page 760

Not; No; Nothing (substantive use); Before (cognate sense to טֶרֶם).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

לֹא

adverb • Page 338

A primitive adverb of negation (more rarely לוֹא). 1. not. 2. no (Gen. 19:2). 3. nothing (Job 6:21). 4. without (1 Chr. 2:30). 5. interrogative, nonne? (Jon. 4:11). 6. lest, that not (Ex. 28:32). 7. In combination with adjectives/substantives it gives a negative signification (e.g., לֹא עֹז without strength).

Conjunction, Particle negative

LXX: οὐκ οὐ μὴ οὐδὲ οὐχ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3808:

οὐκ 1137× (34.5%)

οὐ 797× (24.2%)

μὴ 184× (5.6%)

οὐδὲ 150× (4.5%)

οὐχ 127× (3.9%)

οὐχὶ 120× (3.6%)

--- 98× (3.0%)

'' 94× (2.4%)

---% 62× (1.5%)

οὐκέτι 50× (1.4%)

יקומו יָקוּמוּ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

קום

qûwm

Definition

to rise (in various applications, literal, figurative, intensive and causative)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to rise (in various applications, literal, figurative, intensive and causative); abide, accomplish, [idiom] be clearer, confirm, continue, decree, [idiom] be dim, endure, [idiom] enemy, enjoin, get up, make good, help, hold, (help to) lift up (again), make, [idiom] but newly, ordain, perform, pitch, raise (up), rear (up), remain, (a-) rise (up) (again, against), rouse up, set (up), (e-) stablish, (make to) stand (up), stir up, strengthen, succeed, (as-, make) sure(-ly), (be) up(-hold, -rising).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6965

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

קוּם

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1267

To be, to stand in a place, to stand fast, subsist, live, exist, rule (over a kingdom), endure, keep hold, remain, stand up, rise (from falling, kneeling, sitting, or generally), appear (as a witness or hostilely), succeed, prepare, or start up. Also metaphorically to be brought about (a plan, prediction, etc.) or to be firm/decided.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

קוּם

verb • Page 583

fut. יָקוּם. 1. to stand or get up, to rise, arise. Gen. 22: 3. Job 1: 20. With redundant dative קוּמִי לָךְ rise up, Cant. 2: 10. 2. to stand, in different relations; to last, endure. Job 15: 29. Amos 7: 2, 5. to continue, construed with לְ to a person, Lev. 25: 30. 3. to prosper, construed with בְּ. Job 22: 28. Is. 8: 10. 4. to come to pass, to be fulfilled, spoken of a prediction. Jer. 44: 28. 5. to be legal, valid; spoken e. g. of testimony, Deut. 19: 15; of a vow, Num. 30: 5 ff. 6. to stand by, assist, Ps. 94: 16. 7. to stand before, resist. Josh. 7: 13. 8. קָמוּ עֵינַיִם the eyes were fixed or set, 1 K. 14: 4. 9. pass. of Pi.

קוּם

verb • Page 584

1. to rise up. (Dan. 3:24). 2. to stand. (Dan. 3:3; 7:17).

Verb Qal imperfect third person masculine plural

LXX: ἀνέστη ἀνάστηθι ἀναστὰσ ἀνέστησαν ἀνάστα

LXX Usage Statistics

H6965b:

ἀνέστη 97× (13.4%)

ἀνάστηθι 38× (6.0%)

ἀναστὰσ 35× (5.2%)

ἀνέστησαν 25× (3.4%)

ἀνάστα 17× (2.7%)

ἀνάστητε 17× (2.7%)

ἔστησεν 16× (2.2%)

'' 15× (2.0%)

ἀναστήσω 15× (2.1%)

ἀναστήσονται 10× (1.6%)

עודס עוֹד׃ס

again

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

עוד

ʻôwd

Definition

properly, iteration or continuance; used only adverbially (with or without preposition), again, repeatedly, still, more

Root

or עד; from H5749 (עוד);

Exhaustive

or עד; from עוד; properly, iteration or continuance; used only adverbially (with or without preposition), again, repeatedly, still, more; again, [idiom] all life long, at all, besides, but, else, further(-more), henceforth, (any) longer, (any) more(-over), [idiom] once, since, (be) still, when, (good, the) while (having being), (as, because, whether, while) yet (within).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5750

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עוֹד

particle • Strongs / High • Page 1053

A particle similar to עַד, denoting continuance, with which עַד is sometimes interchanged.

עוֹד

noun / particle • Root עוד • Strongs / High • Page 1061

A noun on this account. Used adverbially or as a particle with suffix, meaning 'since' or 'as long as'.

עוֹד

aram. (aramaic) • Root עוד • Strongs / High • Page 1061

Aramaic word, same meaning as the related Hebrew particle.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עוֹד

adverb • Root עוד • Page 494

Originally an infin. absol. from עוּד. 1. again, a second time (Gen. 4:25). 2. repeatedly, continually (Gen. 46:29; Ruth 1:14). 3. further, moreover (Ecc. 3:16). 4. yet, still; with a negative, 'no more' (Gen. 7:4; 8:10). Used with suffixes (e.g., עוֹדֶנִּי I am yet).

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: ἔτι οὐκέτι --- ἕωσ ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H5750:

ἔτι 314× (64.0%)

οὐκέτι 58× (11.6%)

--- 33× (6.8%)

ἕωσ 8× (1.6%)

'' 7× (1.2%)

ἀλλ' 4× (0.8%)

ἦν 4× (0.8%)

πάλιν 3× (0.6%)

ἄλλοσ 3× (0.6%)

---% 3× (0.5%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
They swearing by the trespass of Shomeron, and they said, Thy God lives, O Dan, and the way of the well of the oath lives, and they fell, and they shall rise no more.

LITV Translation:
They who swear by the guilt of Samaria, and say, As your God lives, O Dan! And, As the way of Beer-sheba lives! Even they shall fall, and not rise again.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
they who swear by the propitiation of Samaria, and who say, Thy god, O Dan, lives; and, Thy god, O Beersheba, lives; and they shall fall, and shall no more rise again.