Amos 1:5

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

ושברתי וְשָׁבַרְתִּי

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

שבר

shâbar

Definition

to burst (literally or figuratively)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to burst (literally or figuratively); break (down, off, in pieces, up), broken (-hearted), bring to the birth, crush, destroy, hurt, quench, [idiom] quite, tear, view (by mistake for שבר).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7665

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שָׁבַר

verb • Root שבר • Strongs / High • Page 1378

1. To break in pieces, to reduce to fragments, by man's hand. 2. Figuratively: To destroy hard dominion or high power; to take away the support of bread; to destroy a military people; to grieve (break the heart); to break off a limit, i.e. to appoint.

שָׁבַר

verb • Root שבר • Strongs / High • Page 1378

(Not used) To press out, to put forth fruit; and so intrans. to sprout, to grow. (Fundamental signification proceeds from breaking forth or breaking through.)

שָׁבַר

verb • Root שבר • Strongs / High • Page 1379

(Denominative) 1. To buy grain or food. 2. To sell corn.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שֵׂבֶר

m. verbal • Root שבר • Page 634

hope. Ps. 119:116. 146:5.

שָׂבַר

verb • Root שבר • Page 634

to observe, view. Neh. 2:13, 15. Pi. 1. to wait. Ruth 1:13. 2. to hope. Est. 9:1. Ps. 104:27. 3. perhaps to praise. Is. 38:18.

שֶׁבֶר

noun • Root שבר • Page 653

1. A breaking (Is. 30:14). 2. A wound, injury, or breach (Lev. 21:19); includes 'שֶׁבֶר רוּחַ' a broken heart (Is. 65:14). 3. Ruin, destruction (Lam. 2:11). 4. A solution or explanation of a dream (Judg. 7:15). 5. Plural 'שְׁבָרִים' terrour (Job 41).

שָׁבַר

verb • Page 653

1. To break in pieces (Jer. 2:20). 2. To tear in pieces, of animals (1 K. 13:26). 3. To assuage thirst (Ps. 104:11). 4. To destroy (Dan. 11:26). 5. To cut off, appoint (Job 38:10). 6. To buy or sell grain (Gen. 41:56, 47:14). Includes Niph. (to be broken), Pi. (to break or smite), Hiph. (to let break through; to sell), and Hoph. (to be wounded).

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential perfect first person common singular

LXX: συνέτριψεν συνετρίβη συντρίψω συνέτριψασ συντριβήσεται

LXX Usage Statistics

H7665:

συνέτριψεν 16× (10.7%)

συνετρίβη 15× (10.2%)

συντρίψω 13× (8.8%)

συνέτριψασ 7× (5.0%)

συντριβήσεται 6× (4.3%)

συνέτριψα 6× (4.1%)

συνέτριψαν 6× (4.1%)

συντριβήσονται 5× (3.2%)

συνετρίβησαν 4× (2.9%)

συντρίψετε 4× (2.8%)

בריח בְּרִיחַ

a bar lock

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

בריח

bᵉrîyach

Definition

a bolt

Root

from H1272 (ברח);

Exhaustive

from ברח; a bolt; bar, fugitive.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1280

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

בְּרִיחַ

noun masculine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 278

Bar, prop. the bar of wood that passes across to close doors; crossbar; fugitive.

בָּרִיחַ

adjective / noun proper masculine • Root ברח • Lemma_Lookup • Page 278

Fleet, hastening forward (of the serpent); ringed, twisted (designation of the crocodile/dragon); (as a proper name) Bariah.

הִבְרִיחַ

verb • Root ברח • Lemma_Lookup • Page 278

To make flee, to put to flight; to drive away; to reach across with a bar (from one end to the other).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

בְּרִיחַ

m. verbal • Root ברח • Page 115

A bar; particularly (1.) a cross-bar for fastening gates (Deut. 3: 5, Neh. 3: 3). (2.) a cross-piece for binding boards in the tabernacle (Ex. 26: 26 ff., 36: 31 ff.).

בָּרִיחַ

m. verbal adj. • Root ברח • Page 115

1. flying, fugitive, runaway (Is. 15: 5, 43: 14). 2. as an epithet of the serpent (Is. 27: 1), and a constellation (Job 26: 13).

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: μοχλοὺσ '' αὐτῆσ μοχλοί μοχλοὶ

LXX Usage Statistics

H1280:

μοχλοὺσ 16× (36.5%)

'' 6× (13.5%)

αὐτῆσ 6× (10.8%)

μοχλοί 4× (8.6%)

μοχλοὶ 3× (6.8%)

μοχλούσ 2× (4.5%)

דמשק דַּמּשֶׂק

Dumb Leg (Damaseq)

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

דמשק

Dammeseq

Definition

Damascus, a city of Syria

Root

or דומשק; or דרמשק; of foreign origin;

Exhaustive

or דומשק; or דרמשק; of foreign origin; Damascus, a city of Syria; Damascus.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1834

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

דַּמֶּשֶׂק

proper noun • Root דמשק • Strongs / High • Page 373

The proper name derived from the verb דָּמֶשֶׂק: place of industry.

דַּמֶּשֶׂק

proper noun • Root דמשק • Strongs / High • Page 373

Proper name of an ancient city at the foot of Antilibanus; Damascus. Other forms include דּוּמֶּשֶׂק and דַּרְמֶשֶׂק.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

דֶּמֶשֶׁק

noun • Root דמשק • Page 170

A kind of cloth, silk tapestry; possibly derived from the name Damascus (damask). Am. 3:12.

דַּמֶּשֶׂק

proper name • Page 170

1. Damascus, a principal city in Syria. Gen. 14:15. 15:2. 2 Sam. 8:6. 1 K. 11:24, 25. 2. An inhabitant of Damascus, a Damascene. Gen. 15:2.

דַּמֶּשֶׂק

proper name • Page 159

Damascus (2 K. 16:10). The form occurs more rarely in this spelling.

Noun proper name

LXX: δαμασκοῦ δαμασκῷ δαμασκόν pεἰσ δαμασκὸν

LXX Usage Statistics

H1834:

δαμασκοῦ 23× (44.4%)

δαμασκῷ 6× (10.4%)

δαμασκόν 5× (8.1%)

pεἰσ 3× (6.1%)

δαμασκὸν 3× (5.5%)

pκατὰ 3× (5.2%)

δαμασκὸσ 2× (4.1%)

δαμασκόσ 2× (4.1%)

'' 2× (3.5%)

t? 2× (2.9%)

והכרתי וְהִכְרַתִּי

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

כרת

kârath

Definition

to cut (off, down or asunder); by implication, to destroy or consume; specifically, to covenant (i.e. make an alliance or bargain, originally by cutting flesh and passing between the pieces)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to cut (off, down or asunder); by implication, to destroy or consume; specifically, to covenant (i.e. make an alliance or bargain, originally by cutting flesh and passing between the pieces); be chewed, be con-(feder-) ate, covenant, cut (down, off), destroy, fail, feller, be freed, hew (down), make a league (covenant), [idiom] lose, perish, [idiom] utterly, [idiom] want.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3772

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כָּרַת

verb • Root כרת • Strongs / High • Page 742

To cut off, to hew, to fell; to cut up; to destroy or root out. A very common expression is 'כָּרַת בְּרִית' (karath berith) meaning 'to make a covenant', literally to slaughter an animal at the making of a covenant.

conjunctive, Verb Hiphil sequential perfect first person common singular

LXX: διέθετο ἐξολεθρεύσω ἐξολεθρευθήσεται διαθήσομαι ἀπολῶ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3772:

διέθετο 28× (9.9%)

ἐξολεθρεύσω 18× (6.1%)

ἐξολεθρευθήσεται 16× (5.9%)

διαθήσομαι 11× (3.7%)

ἀπολῶ 8× (2.5%)

ἐξολεθρευθήσονται 7× (2.6%)

'' 7× (2.1%)

ἐξολεθρεῦσαι 7× (2.2%)

ἐξαρῶ 7× (2.2%)

διεθέμην 6× (2.2%)

יושב יוֹשֵׁב

he who is sitting

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ישב

yâshab

Definition

properly, to sit down (specifically as judge. in ambush, in quiet); by implication, to dwell, to remain; causatively, to settle, to marry

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; properly, to sit down (specifically as judge. in ambush, in quiet); by implication, to dwell, to remain; causatively, to settle, to marry; (make to) abide(-ing), continue, (cause to, make to) dwell(-ing), ease self, endure, establish, [idiom] fail, habitation, haunt, (make to) inhabit(-ant), make to keep (house), lurking, [idiom] marry(-ing), (bring again to) place, remain, return, seat, set(-tle), (down-) sit(-down, still, -ting down, -ting (place) -uate), take, tarry.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3427

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יָשַׁב

verb • Root ישב • Strongs / High • Page 656

To sit, remain, dwell. The fundamental meaning is to keep firmly in a place, to hold it firmly, to possess it, and therefore to sit. Piel (יִשֵּׁב): to pitch a dwelling. Hifil (הוֹשִׁיב): to cause to sit, to cause to dwell, to cause to be inhabited. Hophal (הוּשַׁב): to be inhabited, to be made to dwell, to be settled in.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יָשַׁב

verb • Root ישב • Page 301

1. To seat one's self, to sit (Ps. 9:8, Ps. 80:2, Is. 37:16). Includes sitting as a judge (Ps. 9:8) or lying in wait (Ps. 10:8). 2. To continue (Gen. 24:55, 29:19, Hos. 3:3). 3. To dwell (Gen. 13:6, Gen. 4:20, Ps. 22:4). 4. Passive: to be inhabited or habitable (Is. 13:20, Jer. 17:6). Niph. נוֹשַׁב to be inhabited (Ex. 16:35).

Verb Qal participle active masculine singular absolute

LXX: κατοικοῦντασ κατοικοῦντεσ ἐκάθισεν ἐκάθισαν κατῴκησεν

LXX Usage Statistics

H3427:

κατοικοῦντασ 88× (7.4%)

κατοικοῦντεσ 80× (6.4%)

ἐκάθισεν 61× (5.4%)

ἐκάθισαν 37× (3.4%)

κατῴκησεν 34× (3.1%)

ἐκάθητο 29× (2.8%)

κατῴκησαν 28× (2.6%)

κατῴκει 24× (2.3%)

κατοικοῦσιν 23× (2.0%)

κατοικεῖν 23× (2.2%)

מבקעת מִבִּקְעַת־

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מ

mi / min

Definition

from

Root

Abbreviated from H4480

Exhaustive

(mem) — from / out of

Core value: emergence, separation, derivation
מ does not merely indicate origin in time (“after”). It marks boundary-crossing:
- source,
- differentiation,
- contrast,
- extraction.
Aonically, מ indicates transition between states.
not “after X” but “out from within X.”
This is why מ can signal both cause and contrast: both involve standing on the far side of a boundary.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

בקעה

biqʻâh

Definition

properly, a split, i.e. a wide level valley between mountains

Root

from H1234 (בקע);

Exhaustive

from בקע; properly, a split, i.e. a wide level valley between mountains; plain, valley.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1237

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

בִּקְעָה

noun feminine • Root בקע • Strongs / High • Page 271

Prop. cleft, broken ground, or a cut (between mountains); a sunken place, a low plain, a valley.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

בִּקְעָה

f. verbal from בָּקַע • Root בקע • Page 112

valley, low plain. Gen. 11:2. Ezek. 37:1, 2. the valley of Lebanon, i. e. the valley of Bukka between Libanus and Antilibanus, Josh. 11:17. 12:7.

בִּקְעָה

f. chald. • Root בקע • Page 112

valley, as in Heb. Dan. 3:1.

Prep-M, Noun proper name

LXX: πεδίῳ πεδίου πεδίον πεδία πεδίων

LXX Usage Statistics

H1237:

πεδίῳ 5× (20.7%)

πεδίου 4× (18.5%)

πεδίον 3× (14.7%)

πεδία 3× (13.9%)

πεδίων 3× (13.9%)

און אָוֶן

bent one

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

און

ʼÂven

Definition

Aven, the contemptuous synonym of three places, one in Coele-Syria, one in Egypt (On), and one in Palestine (Bethel)

Root

the same as H205 (און); idolatry;

Exhaustive

the same as און; idolatry; Aven, the contemptuous synonym of three places, one in Coele-Syria, one in Egypt (On), and one in Palestine (Bethel); Aven. See also און, בית און.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H206

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אָוֶן

noun masculine • Root אן • Strongs_Numbers • Page 78

I. (Not used) intr. to breathe, blow. 1. To be empty, vain, transitory, nothing. 2. To be wicked, sinful, worthless, deceitful. 3. To be idolatrous, a manifestation of sin.

אָוֶן

verb • Strongs_Numbers • Page 78

II. (Not used) intr. to exert, labour; to strive, to fatigue.

אָוֶן

verb • Root און • Strongs_Numbers • Page 79

To be fatigued, weary.

אָוֶן

noun masculine • Root און • Strongs_Numbers • Page 79

Properly a breath, hence: 1. nothingness, vanity, a trifle; 2. wickedness, sinfulness, falsehood, sin, flattery, lies; 3. idolatry (and the serving of oracular images).

אָוֶן

noun masculine • Root און • Strongs_Numbers • Page 79

1. Properly overlabouring, working oneself weary, then: hardship, labour, burden, distress; 2. the goods, property, possession which have been obtained by toil and weariness.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֹון

m. dec. i. a. • Root הון, א ה • Page 32

1. Strength, particularly the power of generation (firstling of one's strength). 2. Wealth, riches.

אָוֶן

m. dec. vi. e. • Root אן • Page 31

1. nothingness, vanity, falsehood. Is. 41:29. (Parall. אֶפֶס.) Zech, 10:2. It is applied particularly to idolatry, 1 Sam. 15:23. and to every thing pertaining to it; e. g. to the idol itself, Is. 66:3.

אָוֶן

noun • Page 32

2. Wickedness, sin, transgression. 3. Evil, trouble, sorrow, affliction (e.g., 'son of my sorrow', 'bread of sorrow/funeral meal').

אָוֶן

prop. name • Page 32

1. A pleasant valley in Syria of Damascus, now called Un. 2. Also Heliopolis.

Noun proper name

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0206:

No stats available

ותומך וְתוֹמֵךְ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

תמך

tâmak

Definition

to sustain; by implication, to obtain, keep fast; figuratively, to help, follow close

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to sustain; by implication, to obtain, keep fast; figuratively, to help, follow close; (take, up-) hold (up), maintain, retain, stay (up).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8551

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

תָּמַךְ

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1518

To support, to help (Ps. 17, 5); to hold, with the accusative (Gen. 48, 17); figuratively to hold fast, abide decidedly; to take, to lay hold of (Prov. 31, 19). Also, a righteous transaction and a righteous sentence hold together.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

תָּמַךְ

verb • Root תמך • Page 719

1. to lay hold of (Gen. 48:17, Prov. 28:17); 2. to hold, hold fast (Amos 1:5, 8); 3. to obtain, acquire, e.g. honour (Prov. 11:16, 29:23); 4. to keep up, to support (Ex. 17:12, Ps. 41:13, 63:9, 16:5); 5. reciprocal, to hold together, to follow each other (Job 36:17). Niph. pass. to be holden (Prov. 5:22).

Conjunction, Verb Qal participle active masculine singular construct

LXX: ἐρείδει ἀντελάβετο

LXX Usage Statistics

H8551:

ἐρείδει 2× (10.3%)

ἀντελάβετο 2× (9.6%)

שבט שֵׁבֶט

rod/scepter

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

שבט

shêbeṭ

Definition

a scion, i.e. (literally) a stick (for punishing, writing, fighting, ruling, walking, etc.) or (figuratively) a clan

Root

from an unused root probably meaning to branch off;

Exhaustive

from an unused root probably meaning to branch off; a scion, i.e. (literally) a stick (for punishing, writing, fighting, ruling, walking, etc.) or (figuratively) a clan; [idiom] correction, dart, rod, sceptre, staff, tribe.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7626

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שֵׁבֶט

unknown • Strongs / High • Page 1363

Example used in comparison of sibilants.

שֵׁבֶט

noun masculine • Root שבט • Strongs / High • Page 1372

1. A stick, for striking and chastising (rod of oppression, staff, shepherd's crook, sceptre); also denotes shepherds/rulers. 2. Fig. a tribe, a stem, applied particularly to the twelve Jewish tribes. 3. A comet.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שֵׁבֶט

noun masculine • Page 651

The rod or scourge of his mouth; 2. the staff of a ruler, a sceptre (Gen. 49: 10, Num. 24: 17); 3. a measuring staff or rod; a portion of land, a lot, inheritance (Ps. 74: 2, Jer. 10: 16); 4. a spear, javelin (2 Sam. 18: 14); 5. a tribe, spoken of the tribes of Israel (Ex. 28: 21, Judg. 20: 2).

שֵׁבֶט

chald. n. • Root שבט • Page 651

A tribe, i. q. Heb. שֵׁבֶט no. 5. Ezra 6: 17.

שֵׁבֶט and שֶׁבֶט

com. gen. • Page 650

1. a stick, staff, rod. Lev. 27: 32; Ps. 2: 9. Particularly for chastisement, (Prov. 10: 13. 13: 24. 22: 8.) hence a rod of correction, Job 9: 34. Is. 10: 5, 11: 4.

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: φυλῆσ φυλῶν ῥάβδῳ φυλαῖσ φυλὰσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H7626:

φυλῆσ 29× (15.9%)

φυλῶν 26× (13.6%)

ῥάβδῳ 13× (6.5%)

φυλαῖσ 12× (6.0%)

φυλὰσ 11× (5.4%)

φυλὴν 9× (4.6%)

φυλὴ 9× (4.9%)

φυλάσ 7× (3.6%)

ῥάβδον 6× (3.0%)

ῥάβδοσ 6× (3.1%)

מבית מִבֵּית

from the house

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מ

mi / min

Definition

from

Root

Abbreviated from H4480

Exhaustive

(mem) — from / out of

Core value: emergence, separation, derivation
מ does not merely indicate origin in time (“after”). It marks boundary-crossing:
- source,
- differentiation,
- contrast,
- extraction.
Aonically, מ indicates transition between states.
not “after X” but “out from within X.”
This is why מ can signal both cause and contrast: both involve standing on the far side of a boundary.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

בית עדן

Bêyth ʻÊden

Definition

Beth-Eden, a place in Syria

Root

from H1004 (בית) and H5730 (עדן); house of pleasure;

Exhaustive

from בית and עדן; house of pleasure; Beth-Eden, a place in Syria; Beth-eden.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1040

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מִבַּיִת

preposition / adverb • Root בית • Consonantal / Medium • Page 869

From the house; in or within.

Matched via consonantal key only

מִבַּיִת

adverb • Consonantal / Medium • Page 238

from within, within

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

בֵּית עֶדֶן

noun • Page 97

Am. 1:5. a village on the west of Damascus, with a valley of the same name, which is also retained at the present day.

Prep-M, Noun proper name

LXX: ἀνδρῶν χαρραν

LXX Usage Statistics

H1040:

ἀνδρῶν 2× (54.8%)

χαρραν 2× (45.2%)

עדן עֶדֶן

a period of time/Eden

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

בית עדן

Bêyth ʻÊden

Definition

Beth-Eden, a place in Syria

Root

from H1004 (בית) and H5730 (עדן); house of pleasure;

Exhaustive

from בית and עדן; house of pleasure; Beth-Eden, a place in Syria; Beth-eden.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1040

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מִבַּיִת

preposition / adverb • Root בית • Consonantal / Medium • Page 869

From the house; in or within.

Matched via consonantal key only

מִבַּיִת

adverb • Consonantal / Medium • Page 238

from within, within

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

בֵּית עֶדֶן

noun • Page 97

Am. 1:5. a village on the west of Damascus, with a valley of the same name, which is also retained at the present day.

Noun proper name

LXX: ἀνδρῶν χαρραν

LXX Usage Statistics

H1040:

ἀνδρῶν 2× (54.8%)

χαρραν 2× (45.2%)

וגלו וְגָלוּ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

גלה

gâlâh

Definition

to denude (especially in a disgraceful sense); by implication, to exile (captives being usually stripped); figuratively, to reveal

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to denude (especially in a disgraceful sense); by implication, to exile (captives being usually stripped); figuratively, to reveal; [phrase] advertise, appear, bewray, bring, (carry, lead, go) captive (into captivity), depart, disclose, discover, exile, be gone, open, [idiom] plainly, publish, remove, reveal, [idiom] shamelessly, shew, [idiom] surely, tell, uncover.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1540

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

גָּלָה

verb • Root גלה • Strongs / High • Page 324

(I) A verb meaning to make bare, naked, or bald. It extends to meanings like to smooth, polish, uncover, and figuratively to lay open, unveil, reveal, communicate, or make known. To 'open the ear' means to reveal something.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

גָּלָה

verb • Root גלה • Page 139

1. Kal: To uncover, open, disclose, reveal. Used for uncovering the ear (1 Sam. 9:15) or opening the eyes (Num. 22:31), and revealing secrets (Amos 3:7). 2. Pi.: To uncover, make bare (Ruth 3:4), or uncover nakedness (Lev. 18:6). 3. Pu.: pass. (Nah. 2:8). 4. Niph.: To be uncovered (Ex. 20:26), to be removed (Jer. 13:21), or to reveal oneself (1 Sam. 14:8; Gen. 35:7).

גֶּלָה

proper name • Page 140

Proper name of a city in the hilly country of the tribe of Judah (Josh. 15:51, 2 Sam. 15:12). Gentile noun is גִּילֹנִי.

גָּלָה

verb • Root גלה • Page 140

II. 1. To remove, emigrate, go into exile or captivity (Ezek. 12:3, 2 K. 17:23). 2. Figuratively to disappear, vanish, cease (1 Sam. 4:21, Is. 24:11). Includes Niph. pass. of Hiph., Hiph. to carry a people into captivity (2 K. 15:29), and Hoph. i. q. Kal.

גָּלָה

noun • Page 140

See גּוֹלָה captivity.

גֻּלָּה

f. verbal • Root גלל • Page 140

1. A spring (Josh. 15:19, Judg. 1:15). 2. Oil-cup or oil-vessel in a sacred chandelier (Zech. 4:3, Ecc. 12:6). 3. In architecture, the name of some part of the chapiter of a pillar, the bowl (1 K. 7:41, 42).

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential perfect third person common plural

LXX: ἀποκαλύψεισ ἀπῴκισεν ἀπεκάλυψεν '' ---

LXX Usage Statistics

H1540:

ἀποκαλύψεισ 15× (7.6%)

ἀπῴκισεν 13× (6.1%)

ἀπεκάλυψεν 13× (6.4%)

'' 10× (4.4%)

--- 6× (3.1%)

ἀποκαλύψω 6× (2.8%)

ἀπεκαλύφθη 5× (2.5%)

αἰχμάλωτοσ 5× (2.4%)

ἀποκαλύψαι 4× (2.1%)

ἀπεκάλυψαν 4× (2.1%)

עם עַם־

together with/a people

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

עם

ʻam

Definition

a people (as a congregated unit); specifically, a tribe (as those of Israel); hence (collectively) troops or attendants; figuratively, a flock

Root

from H6004 (עמם);

Exhaustive

from עמם; a people (as a congregated unit); specifically, a tribe (as those of Israel); hence (collectively) troops or attendants; figuratively, a flock; folk, men, nation, people.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5971

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עַם

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1100

Properly union, association, community, congregation, company. Hence: 1. A people (including the Israelite people, different nations, mankind, inhabitants of a city, countrymen, a tribe, kindred, or family-stock). 2. The mass of the people, the populace, or lower people (opposed to leaders/rich). 3. A troop of animals.

עַם

noun m. • Root עמם • Strongs / High • Page 1101

People, the community, the mass of the people. Used along with אֻמָּה and גּוֹי.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עַם

com. gen. • Page 512

a people, i. e. my people or country. Applied to animals, Prov. 30: 25, 26. Ps. 74: 14. Plur. עַמִּים (rarely in Chaldaic form עַמְמִים). Denotes the Jews as opposed to other nations (gentiles). Sometimes plur. stands for singular as Lev. 19: 16. נֶאֱסַף אֶל־עַמָּיו to be gathered to his people, i. e. to die.

עַם

chald. n. • Page 512

idem. Plur. עַמְמִין, emph. עַמְמַיָּא, Dan. 3 : 4, 7, 31. 5 : 19. 6 : 26. 7 : 14.

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: λαοῦ λαὸσ λαὸν λαῷ λαόν

LXX Usage Statistics

H5971a:

λαοῦ 347× (18.2%)

λαὸσ 338× (17.6%)

λαὸν 251× (13.2%)

λαῷ 173× (8.7%)

λαόν 170× (8.8%)

λαόσ 132× (6.8%)

ἐθνῶν 46× (2.5%)

'' 43× (2.2%)

--- 41× (2.5%)

ἔθνη 39× (2.2%)

ארם אֲרָם

Highland ("Aram")

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ארם

ʼĂrâm

Definition

Aram or Syria, and its inhabitants; also the name of the son of Shem, a grandson of Nahor, and of an Israelite

Root

from the same as H759 (ארמון); the highland;

Exhaustive

from the same as ארמון; the highland; Aram or Syria, and its inhabitants; also the name of the son of Shem, a grandson of Nahor, and of an Israelite; Aram, Mesopotamia, Syria, Syrians.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H758

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֲרָם

noun proper • Strongs_Numbers • Page 190

High region, height, mountain-land. 1. n. p. of the land lying between Phenicia and the Euphrates, Aramaea. 2. Of the Semite race dwelling there.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֲרָם

noun feminine • Page 72

Aramea, Syria; name of a son of Shem and a descendant of Nahor. (1 K. 20:26, Gen. 10:22, 22:21).

Noun proper name

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0758:

No stats available

קירה קירָה

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

קיר

Qîyr

Definition

Kir, a place in Assyrian; also one in Moab

Root

the same as H7023 (קיר); fortress;

Exhaustive

the same as קיר; fortress; Kir, a place in Assyrian; also one in Moab; Kir. Compare קיר חרש.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7024

ה

Definition

to

Root

Exhaustive

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9011

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

קִיר

pih. verb • Root קור • Strongs / High • Page 1271

(Pih. usage) 1. prop. to break or stick through; hence to lay in ruins, to break down, to destroy. 2. to deepen out, to make deep.

קִיר

word entry • Root קור • Strongs / High • Page 1272

farther (pl. קִירִים), and perhaps the denom. קִירָה and הַקּוּרָה.

קִיר

noun masculine • Root קיר קיר • Strongs / High • Page 1276

1. Depth of walls. 2. A thing which embraces or encloses; hence a wall (about a city, of a house, etc.). Also refers generally to a city (like קִיר מוֹאָב, a Moabite city).

קִיר

noun proper / noun masculine • Root קיר • Strongs / High • Page 1277

1. Proper noun of a town in Moab (Is. 15, 1, 22, 36), possibly meaning 'tower' or 'fortress'. 3. Proper noun of an Assyrian province, the district lying on the river Kur. 4. (pl. קִירוֹת) beams, beams of the roof and floor.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

קִיר

m. gen. • Page 587

1. a wall (1 K. 6: 5, Lev. 1: 15). 2. a city, hence as a proper name (Is. 15: 1). 3. name of a people and country under the dominion of the Assyrians (Is. 22: 6, 2 K. 16: 9).

Noun proper name , Suffix directional he

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H7024b:

No stats available

אמר אָמַר

he has said

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אמר

ʼâmar

Definition

to say (used with great latitude)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to say (used with great latitude); answer, appoint, avouch, bid, boast self, call, certify, challenge, charge, [phrase] (at the, give) command(-ment), commune, consider, declare, demand, [idiom] desire, determine, [idiom] expressly, [idiom] indeed, [idiom] intend, name, [idiom] plainly, promise, publish, report, require, say, speak (against, of), [idiom] still, [idiom] suppose, talk, tell, term, [idiom] that is, [idiom] think, use (speech), utter, [idiom] verily, [idiom] yet.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H559

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אָמַר

verb • Root אמר • Strongs_Numbers • Page 155

1. (not used) to stand prominently upwards, to project upwards, hence to be elevated. 2. to say, to speak, to command; to press out sounds from within.

אָמַר

verb • Root אמר • Strongs_Numbers • Page 755

to say, speak

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אָמַר

verb • Root אמר • Page 58

1. to say (dico). Differs from דבר (to speak) in that אָמַר is almost uniformly followed by the words spoken (Lev. 1:2; Gen. 44:16). 2. to think. (Speaking and thinking).

אָמַר

verb • Root אמר • Page 59

To command (Est 1:17, 1 Chr 21:17); to praise (Ps 40:11). Niph.: to be said, to be called holy (Is 4:3). Hiph.: to declare solemnly, to promise (Deut 26:17, 18). Hithpa.: to boast one's self (Ps 94:4), or to exercise dominion.

Verb Qal perfect third person masculine singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0559:

No stats available

יהוהפ יְהוָה׃פ

He Is

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

יהוה

Yᵉhôvâh

Definition

Jehovah, Jewish national name of God

Root

from H1961 (היה); (the) self-Existent or Eternal;

Exhaustive

from היה; (the) self-Existent or Eternal; Jehovah, Jewish national name of God; Jehovah, the Lord. Compare יה, יהוה.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3068

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יְהֹוָה

noun masculine • Root יהה • Strongs / High • Page 590

A pre-Mosaic old Semitic name of the supreme God, which was specially revealed for the older אֵל at the establishment of the Mosaic religion, as an abstract of all divine greatness and holiness.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יְהֹוָה

proper name • Page 275

The proper name of the deity among the ancient Hebrews. Interpreted as 'the eternal, unchangeable, true' or 'he who is as he shall be.' The text discusses various ancient pronunciations (IAΩ, IABE, IETΩ) and its derivation from the future of הָיָה.

Noun proper name

LXX: κύριοσ κυρίου κυρίῳ κύριον κύριε

LXX Usage Statistics

H3068:

κύριοσ 2605× (41.8%)

κυρίου 1742× (27.8%)

κυρίῳ 598× (8.8%)

κύριον 473× (7.1%)

κύριε 336× (5.4%)

--- 129× (2.1%)

'' 95× (1.3%)

θεὸσ 76× (1.0%)

θεοῦ 69× (0.9%)

θεῷ 28× (0.4%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And I broke the bar of Damascus, and I cut off the inhabitants of the valleys of vanity, and him taking hold of the rod of the house of delight: and the people of Aram were carried away captive to a walled place said Jehovah.

LITV Translation:
I will also break the bar of Damascus, and cut off the inhabitant of the Valley of Aven, and him who holds the scepter from Beth-eden. And the people of Syria shall go captive to Kir, says Jehovah.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
And I will break to pieces the bars of Damascus, and will destroy the inhabitants out of the plain of Aven, and will cut in pieces a tribe out of the men of Haran: and the famous people of Syria shall be led captive, saith the Lord.