Acts 2:10

The verb φρύγω (phrýgō) signifies “to roast” or “to parch,” implying a process of drying or heating intensely. The adjective φρύγιος (phrýgios), while primarily known as the ethnonym “Phrygian,” also carries the adjectival meaning “dry” or “parched,” reflecting the semantic field of the verb. This dual usage suggests an etymological connection whereby the ethnonym Φρύγιος may derive from or be cognate with the term denoting dryness or heat, possibly referencing the arid climate of the Phrygian region or a characteristic associated with its inhabitants.

The name Παμφυλία is traditionally analyzed as composed of two Greek elements:

• πᾶν / παμ- meaning “all” or “every”

• φυλή meaning “tribe” or “people”

Hence, Παμφυλία can be literally translated as “land of all tribes” or “of all peoples,” reflecting its historical reputation as a region inhabited by a mixture of different ethnic groups or tribes.

The plausible connection between Λιβύη (Libyē) and λίψ (lips), λίψ, λιβός (genitive): In ancient Greek, this refers to the southwest wind, a hot, dry wind blowing from the Libyan region. It is associated with arid, southern weather, and thus metaphorically with Libya as a hot, dry land.

The participle ἐπιδημοῦντες means “those staying/living temporarily,” usually foreigners or sojourners residing in a place that is not their permanent home. (cf. sense III in LSJ)

The Greek word ῥώμη means: strength, might, force, vigor

Ῥώμη (Rhōmē) is also the Greek name for the city of Rome, ancient Greek speakers no doubt noticed the similarity connecting Rome and strength.