2 Samuel 23:4

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

וכאור וּכְאוֹר

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

כ

kə

Definition

like, as

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix Derived terms כאשר‎ (ka'ashér) כמו‎ (k'mó) כמות‎ (k'mót) כש־‎ (k'she-)

Exhaustive

(kaph) — as / like / according to

Core value: correspondence, patterning, resonance
כ never asserts identity. It asserts alignment.
- likeness,
- proportionality,
- conformity to a form.
Aonically, כ signals phase-alignment, not comparison.
not “like X in appearance” but “operating according to the same pattern as X.”
This is why prophetic and poetic language leans heavily on כ: it encodes structural analogy across layers, not metaphor.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

אור

ʼôwr

Definition

illumination or (concrete) luminary (in every sense, including lightning, happiness, etc.)

Root

from H215 (אור);

Exhaustive

from אור; illumination or (concrete) luminary (in every sense, including lightning, happiness, etc.); bright, clear, [phrase] day, light (-ning), morning, sun.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H216

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אוֹר

verb • Root ארה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 82

Properly to burn, blaze, but in a limited fundamental signification: 1. to be clear, to lighten; 2. to become clear (applied to eyes or day); 3. to grow green, to sprout (from the idea of shining); (Niphal) to be light, shining, glorious; (Hiphil) to lighten, to spread light, to enlighten.

אוֹר

noun masculine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 83

1. light (e.g., dawn, sun, moon, stars, lightning, lamp). 2. figuratively in manifold metaphors: a) life, prosperity, happiness, good fortune. b) enlightenment, instruction. c) cheerfulness, joy.

אוֹר

noun • Strongs_Numbers • Page 181

see אֹר

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אוֹר

verb • Page 33

1. to be or become light (Gen. 44:3, Prov. 4:18, 1 Sam. 14:27). 2. used figuratively (Is. 60:1). Niph. to become light, enlightened (2 Sam. 2:32, Job 33:30). Hiph. 1. to illumine, enlighten (Ps. 77:19, 97:4). Often with 'eyes' or 'countenance' to mean gladden or make serene (Ps. 13:4, Prov. 29:13, Ecc. 8:1). 2. to shine, strictly to make it light (Gen. 1:15, Ex. 13:21). 3. to kindle, set on fire (Mal. 1:10, Is. 27:11).

אוֹר

m. verbal • Root אור • Page 33

light (Gen. 1:3-5). Particularly (1.) daylight (1 Sam. 14:36, Job 24:14), (2.) the sun (Job 31:26), (3.) light of life (Job 3:16, Ps. 56:14), (4.) light as an emblem of happiness (Job 22:28, Is. 9:1), (5.) light as an emblem of instruction (Is. 49:6, Prov. 6:23), (6.) light or serenity of countenance (Job 29:24, Prov. 16:15).

אוֹר

noun masculine • Page 34

Used for an herb (Gen. 1:11, 12). So perhaps in Is. 26:19 'the dew of herbs'.

Conjunction, Preposition, Noun common both singular construct

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0216:

No stats available

בקר בֹּקֶר

breaking forth

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

בקר

bôqer

Definition

properly, dawn (as the break of day); generally, morning

Root

from H1239 (בקר);

Exhaustive

from בקר; properly, dawn (as the break of day); generally, morning; ([phrase]) day, early, morning, morrow.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1242

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

קַר

adjective masculine • Root קרר • Consonantal / Low • Page 1292

Cold (of water); figuratively cool, quiet.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

קַר

noun masculine • Root קרר • Consonantal / Low • Page 1292

Cold (noun).

Matched after stripping common prefixes

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: πρωὶ πρωί πρωίθεν --- πρωίασ

LXX Usage Statistics

H1242:

πρωὶ 113× (51.0%)

πρωί 54× (25.4%)

πρωίθεν 7× (3.2%)

--- 6× (3.1%)

πρωίασ 5× (2.3%)

πρωινὴν 3× (1.3%)

ὄρθρου 2× (1.0%)

πρωινὴ 2× (1.0%)

'' 2× (0.9%)

ἡμέραν 2× (0.9%)

יזרח יִזְרַח־

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

זרח

zârach

Definition

properly, to irradiate (or shoot forth beams), i.e. to rise (as the sun); specifically, to appear (as a symptom of leprosy)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; properly, to irradiate (or shoot forth beams), i.e. to rise (as the sun); specifically, to appear (as a symptom of leprosy); arise, rise (up), as soon as it is up.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2224

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

זָרַח

verb • Root זרח • Strongs / High • Page 445

Intransitive verb: to break forth (of a birth), to arise, to bloom, to grow up, to rise up (of plants), to break out (of leprosy), to break forth (of light), of the sun rises; to appear.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

זָרַח

verb • Page 209

1. to rise; spoken of the sun (Gen. 32:31), light (Ps. 104:22, 112:4), or the majesty of Jehovah (Is. 60:1-2). 2. to break out; spoken of leprosy (2 Chr. 26:19) or a child coming from the womb (Gen. 38:30).

Verb Qal imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX: ἀνέτειλεν ἅμα ἀνατέλλει ἀνατελεῖ ἀνατεῖλαι

LXX Usage Statistics

H2224:

ἀνέτειλεν 5× (25.3%)

ἅμα 2× (10.1%)

ἀνατέλλει 2× (9.3%)

ἀνατελεῖ 2× (8.6%)

ἀνατεῖλαι 2× (7.1%)

שמש שָׁמֶשׁ

sun

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

שמש

shemesh

Definition

the sun; by implication, the east; figuratively, a ray, i.e. (architectural) a notched battlement

Root

from an unused root meaning to be brilliant;

Exhaustive

from an unused root meaning to be brilliant; the sun; by implication, the east; figuratively, a ray, i.e. (architectural) a notched battlement; [phrase] east side(-ward), sun (rising), [phrase] west(-ward), window. See also בית שמש.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8121

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שֶׁמֶשׁ

comm. • Root שמש • Strongs / High • Page 1455

Common gender noun. Properly, the light-giving or shining thing; hence the sun (a luminous body by day, diffusing heat). Also used figuratively for grace, and to denote geographical directions (east: מִזְרַח שֶׁמֶשׁ, west: מְבוֹא שֶׁמֶשׁ).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שֶׁמֶשׁ

com. gen. • Page 689

1. the sun. Frequent expression 'under the sun', i.e. on the earth. Eccl. 1: 3, 9. Ps. 84: 12. 2. Plur. שִׁמְשׁוֹת battlements, pinnacles, turrets (on a wall). Is. 54: 12.

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: ἥλιον ἡλίου ἥλιοσ ἡλίῳ

LXX Usage Statistics

H8121:

ἥλιον 41× (29.0%)

ἡλίου 40× (31.9%)

ἥλιοσ 40× (28.1%)

ἡλίῳ 7× (4.6%)

בקר בֹּ֚קֶר

breaking forth

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

בקר

bôqer

Definition

properly, dawn (as the break of day); generally, morning

Root

from H1239 (בקר);

Exhaustive

from בקר; properly, dawn (as the break of day); generally, morning; ([phrase]) day, early, morning, morrow.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1242

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

קַר

adjective masculine • Root קרר • Consonantal / Low • Page 1292

Cold (of water); figuratively cool, quiet.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

קַר

noun masculine • Root קרר • Consonantal / Low • Page 1292

Cold (noun).

Matched after stripping common prefixes

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: πρωὶ πρωί πρωίθεν --- πρωίασ

LXX Usage Statistics

H1242:

πρωὶ 113× (51.0%)

πρωί 54× (25.4%)

πρωίθεν 7× (3.2%)

--- 6× (3.1%)

πρωίασ 5× (2.3%)

πρωινὴν 3× (1.3%)

ὄρθρου 2× (1.0%)

πρωινὴ 2× (1.0%)

'' 2× (0.9%)

ἡμέραν 2× (0.9%)

לא לֹא

not

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

לא

lôʼ

Definition

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

Root

or לוא; or לה; (Deuteronomy 3:11), a primitive particle;

Exhaustive

or לוא; or לה; (Deuteronomy 3:11), a primitive particle; not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles; [idiom] before, [phrase] or else, ere, [phrase] except, ig(-norant), much, less, nay, neither, never, no((-ne), -r, (-thing)), ([idiom] as though...,(can-), for) not (out of), of nought, otherwise, out of, [phrase] surely, [phrase] as truly as, [phrase] of a truth, [phrase] verily, for want, [phrase] whether, without.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3808

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

לֹא

negative particle • Root אל • Strongs / High • Page 759

A negative particle; not, no. It functions as an absolute negative, a negative answer to a question, or a refusal. Used with verbs in various tenses and moods to express negation or prohibition.

לֹא

particle • Strongs / High • Page 761

A K'ri reading for לוֹ.

לֹא

adverb / particle • Strongs / High • Page 760

Not; No; Nothing (substantive use); Before (cognate sense to טֶרֶם).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

לֹא

adverb • Page 338

A primitive adverb of negation (more rarely לוֹא). 1. not. 2. no (Gen. 19:2). 3. nothing (Job 6:21). 4. without (1 Chr. 2:30). 5. interrogative, nonne? (Jon. 4:11). 6. lest, that not (Ex. 28:32). 7. In combination with adjectives/substantives it gives a negative signification (e.g., לֹא עֹז without strength).

Particle negative

LXX: οὐκ οὐ μὴ οὐδὲ οὐχ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3808:

οὐκ 1137× (34.5%)

οὐ 797× (24.2%)

μὴ 184× (5.6%)

οὐδὲ 150× (4.5%)

οὐχ 127× (3.9%)

οὐχὶ 120× (3.6%)

--- 98× (3.0%)

'' 94× (2.4%)

---% 62× (1.5%)

οὐκέτι 50× (1.4%)

עבות עָבוֹת

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

עב

ʻâb

Definition

properly, an envelope, i.e. darkness (or density, 2 Chronicles 4:17); specifically, a (scud) cloud; also a copse

Root

(masculine and feminine); from H5743 (עוב);

Exhaustive

(masculine and feminine); from עוב; properly, an envelope, i.e. darkness (or density, 2 Chronicles 4:17); specifically, a (scud) cloud; also a copse; clay, (thick) cloud, [idiom] thick, thicket. Compare עבי.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5645

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עָב

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1042

The veiling, covering; hence darkness of clouds, darkness, a thick cloud. Also collection of swift flight and of swiftness generally; evanescence. Ideas of veiling or covering are often transferred to darkness, obscurity, cloud.

עָב

stem / form • Strongs / High • Page 1042

See עָבוּב as a noun.

עָב

stem / form • Strongs / High • Page 1042

See עָבוּב as a noun.

עָב

noun feminine • Root עבה • Strongs / High • Page 1045

(Only plural עָבִים) Same as עָב (I.), darkness of clouds, clouds.

עָב

adjective • Strongs / High • Page 1045

(Plural construct עַבֵּי) Adjective/Substantive. Thick, firm, of earth; thickness. I.e. firm ground prepared for a mould to cast in.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עֹב

noun masculine • Page 485

An architectural term, probably a threshold, forming the entrance to a colonnade or temple (1 K. 7:6; Ezek. 41:25). Plural: עָבִים.

עָב

com. gen. • Root עוב עיב • Page 485

1. Darkness (Ex. 19:9, Ps. 18:12). 2. A cloud itself (Job 36:29, 37:11, 16). 3. A thicket of a wood (Jer. 4:29).

Noun common feminine plural absolute

LXX: νεφέλαισ νέφη ---% ὡσ νεφέλη

LXX Usage Statistics

H5645:

νεφέλαισ 7× (15.3%)

νέφη 4× (9.8%)

---% 4× (8.2%)

ὡσ 3× (7.5%)

νεφέλη 3× (7.1%)

νεφέλαι 3× (6.7%)

νέφοσ 3× (6.7%)

νεφῶν 2× (5.3%)

pἐν 2× (5.3%)

νεφέλησ 2× (5.3%)

מנגה מִנֹּגַהּ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מ

mi / min

Definition

from

Root

Abbreviated from H4480

Exhaustive

(mem) — from / out of

Core value: emergence, separation, derivation
מ does not merely indicate origin in time (“after”). It marks boundary-crossing:
- source,
- differentiation,
- contrast,
- extraction.
Aonically, מ indicates transition between states.
not “after X” but “out from within X.”
This is why מ can signal both cause and contrast: both involve standing on the far side of a boundary.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

נגה

nôgahh

Definition

brilliancy (literally or figuratively)

Root

from H5050 (נגה);

Exhaustive

from נגה; brilliancy (literally or figuratively); bright(-ness), light, (clear) shining.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5051

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נֹ֫גַהּ

noun / feminine • Root נגה • Consonantal / Low • Page 942

A shining, brightness, of a flame; light, clearness, splendour of rising; brightness of the morning sun; of a glancing spear-point; of the divine manifestation.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

נְגָה

verb • Root נגה • Consonantal / Low • Page 942

An unused Aramaic intransitive verb, same as Hebrew נָגַהּ (nagah).

Matched after stripping common prefixes

נָגַהּ

verb • Root נגה • Consonantal / Low • Page 942

Intransitive verb meaning to shine, to lighten.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

נָגַהּ

verb • Root נגה • Consonantal / Low • Page 943

(not used) intr. to appear, to rise, to go forth, of light.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נֹגַהּ

f. verbal n. / dec. vi. n. • Root נגה • Page 425

Brightness, shining; particularly of fire (Is. 4:5), the sun (2 Sam. 23:4), the moon (Is. 60:19), a sword (Hab. 3:11), or the shechinah (Ezek. 10:4).

Prep-M, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: φέγγοσ φέγγουσ φῶσ ὡσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H5051:

φέγγοσ 9× (38.2%)

φέγγουσ 4× (16.7%)

φῶσ 2× (9.5%)

ὡσ 2× (9.5%)

ממטר מִמָּטָר

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מ

mi / min

Definition

from

Root

Abbreviated from H4480

Exhaustive

(mem) — from / out of

Core value: emergence, separation, derivation
מ does not merely indicate origin in time (“after”). It marks boundary-crossing:
- source,
- differentiation,
- contrast,
- extraction.
Aonically, מ indicates transition between states.
not “after X” but “out from within X.”
This is why מ can signal both cause and contrast: both involve standing on the far side of a boundary.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

מטר

mâṭar

Definition

rain

Root

from H4305 (מטר);

Exhaustive

from מטר; rain; rain.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4306

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מָטַר

verb • Root מטר • Strongs / High • Page 841

(Kal not used) intransitive verb meaning to be wet, moist; to drop, to rain. Nifal: נִמְטַר (to be rained upon). Pual: מֻטַּר (to be rained upon).

מָטַר

verb • Root מטר • Strongs / High • Page 842

To cause to rain, to rain; metaphorically, to shoot down, to cast down.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מָטַר

verb • Root מטר • Page 371

To rain. Kal not used; Hiphil הִמְטִיר to cause to rain (Gen. 7: 4); Niphal to be rained upon (Am. 4: 7).

מָטָר

noun masculine • Root מטר • Page 372

Rain. (Ex. 9:33; Job 37:6).

Prep-M, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: ὑετὸν ὑετὸσ ὑετόν ὑετόσ ὡσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H4306:

ὑετὸν 14× (31.0%)

ὑετὸσ 9× (18.1%)

ὑετόν 6× (13.4%)

ὑετόσ 3× (7.3%)

ὡσ 3× (6.9%)

ὥσπερ 3× (6.9%)

---% 3× (6.2%)

ὑετοῦ 3× (5.4%)

דשא דֶּשֶׁא

a tender-sprout

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

דשא

desheʼ

Definition

a sprout; by analogy, grass

Root

from H1876 (דשא);

Exhaustive

from דשא; a sprout; by analogy, grass; (tender) grass, green, (tender) herb.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1877

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

דֶּשֶׁא

verb • Root דשא • Strongs / High • Page 380

Intransitive verb: to be fresh, young. Metaphorically: to sprout, to shoot.

דֶּשֶׁא

noun masculine • Root דשא • Strongs / High • Page 381

Young herbage, springing out of the earth.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

דֶּשֶׁא

noun masculine • Root דשא • Page 175

Young tender herb, different from עֵשֶׂב (a plant already in the seed). Mentioned in Gen. 1:11, 12; Deut. 32:2; Prov. 27:25.

דָּשָׁא

verb • Page 175

To wax green, to flourish (Joel 2:22). Hiph. To cause to flourish, to bring forth (Gen. 1:11).

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: χλόησ βοτάνη βοτάνην χόρτοσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H1877:

χλόησ 4× (23.1%)

βοτάνη 3× (16.5%)

βοτάνην 2× (11.6%)

χόρτοσ 2× (10.7%)

מארץ מֵאָרֶץ׃

from the earth

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מ

mi / min

Definition

from

Root

Abbreviated from H4480

Exhaustive

(mem) — from / out of

Core value: emergence, separation, derivation
מ does not merely indicate origin in time (“after”). It marks boundary-crossing:
- source,
- differentiation,
- contrast,
- extraction.
Aonically, מ indicates transition between states.
not “after X” but “out from within X.”
This is why מ can signal both cause and contrast: both involve standing on the far side of a boundary.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ארץ

ʼerets

Definition

the earth (at large, or partitively a land)

Root

from an unused root probably meaning to be firm;

Exhaustive

from an unused root probably meaning to be firm; the earth (at large, or partitively a land); [idiom] common, country, earth, field, ground, land, [idiom] natins, way, [phrase] wilderness, world.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H776

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֶרֶץ

verb • Strongs_Numbers • Page 193

(Not used) To be hard, firm, dense. (Root of the following noun)

אֶרֶץ

noun feminine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 193

Earth, as firm land i.e. a dense firm mass, in opposition to water. Includes meanings: a) the earth in opposition to heaven; b) earth as an element/material; c) the ground; d) piece of land/field; e) land of habitation or fatherland.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֶרֶץ

noun masculine • Page 73

Earth, land. (masc. rarely, Gen. 13: 6; Is. 9: 18).

אֶרֶץ

noun feminine • Page 74

1. earth; also inhabitants of the earth, Gen. 6:11. 11:1. 2. land; e.g. אֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם the land of Egypt. Sometimes Palestine, Joel 1:2. 3. jurisdiction of a city. Josh. 8:1. Plur. אֲרָצוֹת lands.

Prep-M, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0776:

No stats available

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And as the light of the morning the sun will rise: the morning not dense; from the shining of the rain bringing forth herbage from the earth.

LITV Translation:
is as the light of the morning, as the sun shines; a morning without clouds; through shining after rain the tender grass sprouts from the earth.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
And in the morning light of God, let the sun arise in the morning, From the light of which the Lord passed on, And as it were from the rain of the tender grass upon the earth.