2 Samuel 23:2

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

רוח רוּחַ

spirit

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

רוח

rûwach

Definition

wind; by resemblance breath, i.e. a sensible (or even violent) exhalation; figuratively, life, anger, unsubstantiality; by extension, a region of the sky; by resemblance spirit, but only of a rational being (including its expression and functions)

Root

from H7306 (רוח);

Exhaustive

from רוח; wind; by resemblance breath, i.e. a sensible (or even violent) exhalation; figuratively, life, anger, unsubstantiality; by extension, a region of the sky; by resemblance spirit, but only of a rational being (including its expression and functions); air, anger, blast, breath, [idiom] cool, courage, mind, [idiom] quarter, [idiom] side, spirit(-ual), tempest, [idiom] vain, (whirl-) wind(-y).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7307

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

רוּחַ

verb • Root רוח • Strongs / High • Page 1325

To be extended, wide, broad, roomy; to be well, unrestrained, alleviated, easy, refreshed.

רוּחַ

verb • Root רוח • Strongs / High • Page 1326

(Kal unused) intr. To breathe, to blow (of wind); to smell, of plants and scents; hence sometimes to breathe, to draw breath, generally to live and move; also fig. to have or feel pleasure in it, to perceive, to smell.

רוּחַ

verb • Root רוח • Strongs / High • Page 1326

(II. not used) intr. to go, to wander; adopted for יָרַח, יָרַד and the proper name יָרִיחַ (wanderer).

רוּחַ

noun feminine / m. • Root רוח • Strongs / High • Page 1326

1. The blowing, air, wind (breeze or storm); quarter, region, district (Metaphor). 2. The breath (often associated with anger/wrath, or word/oracle) or quick vanishing breath/nothingness/vanity. 3. Breath of life, animal life, anima, spirit (including sensuous feelings, passions, or moving force/restlessness).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

רוּחַ

hiph. • Page 610

To smell. See רֵיחַ

רוּחַ

com. gen. • Page 610

1. Wind, air in motion (Gen. 8:1; Job 1:19); also the four quarters of heaven (Ezek. 37:9). 2. A breathing or exhalation; a breath (Job 7:7), creative power (Ps. 33:6), or vital breath in men and animals (Gen. 6:17). 3. A snuffing (of the nose), hence anger (Judg. 8:3). 4. The anima or animal soul, the vital principle (1 Sam. 30:12; Judg. 15:19).

רוּחַ

noun feminine • Page 611

The spirit, considered as coming from God; metaphorically a principle of life (Ezek. 10:17). The rational soul (animus), mind, intellect (Gen. 41:8). Inclination or disposition (Num. 5:14, Hos. 4:12). The Spirit of God or Jehovah, denoting life-giving power in men and nature (Gen. 1:3, Ps. 104:30), and the source of extraordinary gifts and prophecy (Num. 24:2, 1 Sam. 10:6).

רוּחַ

chald. n. • Page 611

1. wind. 2. a spirit.

רוּחַ

verb • Page 611

To be or become wide. Impers. 'I find room, I am relieved' (Job 32:20). Pu. מְרֻוָּח: wide, spacious (Jer. 22:14).

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: πνεῦμα πνεύματι πνεύματοσ πνεῦμά ἄνεμον

LXX Usage Statistics

H7307:

πνεῦμα 169× (43.2%)

πνεύματι 31× (7.3%)

πνεύματοσ 27× (7.1%)

πνεῦμά 21× (4.9%)

ἄνεμον 14× (3.7%)

ἄνεμοσ 9× (2.2%)

ἀνέμου 7× (1.9%)

'' 6× (1.4%)

ἀνέμουσ 6× (1.7%)

--- 5× (1.4%)

יהוה יְהוָה

He Is

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

יהוה

Yᵉhôvâh

Definition

Jehovah, Jewish national name of God

Root

from H1961 (היה); (the) self-Existent or Eternal;

Exhaustive

from היה; (the) self-Existent or Eternal; Jehovah, Jewish national name of God; Jehovah, the Lord. Compare יה, יהוה.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3068

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יְהֹוָה

noun masculine • Root יהה • Strongs / High • Page 590

A pre-Mosaic old Semitic name of the supreme God, which was specially revealed for the older אֵל at the establishment of the Mosaic religion, as an abstract of all divine greatness and holiness.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יְהֹוָה

proper name • Page 275

The proper name of the deity among the ancient Hebrews. Interpreted as 'the eternal, unchangeable, true' or 'he who is as he shall be.' The text discusses various ancient pronunciations (IAΩ, IABE, IETΩ) and its derivation from the future of הָיָה.

Noun proper name

LXX: κύριοσ κυρίου κυρίῳ κύριον κύριε

LXX Usage Statistics

H3068:

κύριοσ 2605× (41.8%)

κυρίου 1742× (27.8%)

κυρίῳ 598× (8.8%)

κύριον 473× (7.1%)

κύριε 336× (5.4%)

--- 129× (2.1%)

'' 95× (1.3%)

θεὸσ 76× (1.0%)

θεοῦ 69× (0.9%)

θεῷ 28× (0.4%)

דבר דִּבֶּר־

has aligned/alignment

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

דבר

dâbar

Definition

perhaps properly, to arrange; but used figuratively (of words), to speak; rarely (in a destructive sense) to subdue

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; perhaps properly, to arrange; but used figuratively (of words), to speak; rarely (in a destructive sense) to subdue; answer, appoint, bid, command, commune, declare, destroy, give, name, promise, pronounce, rehearse, say, speak, be spokesman, subdue, talk, teach, tell, think, use (entreaties), utter, [idiom] well, [idiom] work.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1696

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

דִּבֶּר

verb / piel stem • Root דבר • Consonantal / Medium • Page 350

To speak, in the widest usage; to speak what is spoken. It has many nuances depending on the preposition used, such as to reveal, promise, command, threaten, declare, or speak against/on behalf of someone.

Matched via consonantal key only

דֶּ֫בֶר

noun masculine • Root דבר • Consonantal / Medium • Page 353

Snatching away, hence destruction, ruin, pestilence.

Matched via consonantal key only

דֶּ֫בֶר

m. / noun proper • Consonantal / Medium • Page 353

An unused word for pasture, hence the proper name לֹא דְּבַר or לוֹ דְּבַר (Lo-debar), a place name.

Matched via consonantal key only

דֶּבֶר

noun • Root דבר • Consonantal / Medium • Page 351

Pestilence, plague. Derived from the figurative sense of דָּבַר II (to destroy).

Matched via consonantal key only

דָּבַר

verb • Root דבר • Consonantal / Medium • Page 350

To range, to put together in a row, to set in order, to bind together, especially words, i.e. to speak. (This form, Kal, appears only in the participle).

Matched via consonantal key only

דָּבַר

verb • Root דבר • Consonantal / Medium • Page 351

A verb root with multiple senses. I. to speak (expressed in derived conjugations). Pi'el (דִּבֶּר): to speak. Puhal (דֻּבַּר): to be promised, to be wooed. Hithpa'el (הִדַּבֵּר): to talk with one another.

Matched via consonantal key only

דָּבַר

verb • Root דבר • Consonantal / Medium • Page 351

A verb root with multiple senses. II. (Kal not used) to drive, to lead, to guide. Figuratively: to snatch away, destroy. Pi'el (דִּבֵּר): to snatch away, to destroy. Hif'il (הִדְבִּיר): to drive, lead, subjugate.

Matched via consonantal key only

דָּבַר

verb • Root דבר • Consonantal / Medium • Page 351

A verb root with multiple senses. III. (not used) to be behind, to follow, to pursue.

Matched via consonantal key only

דָּבַר

verb • Root דבר • Consonantal / Medium • Page 351

A verb root with multiple senses. IV. (not used) transposed from דבק, meaning to stick, to pierce.

Matched via consonantal key only

דָּבָר

noun masculine • Root דבר • Consonantal / Medium • Page 351

A word, a saying, a speech, a matter, a thing. Derived from דָּבַר I (to speak).

Matched via consonantal key only

דָּבָר

noun • Root דבר • Consonantal / Medium • Page 352

A word; speech, discourse, saying, oracle; command, precept, law, regulation; an inquiry, account, answer; utterance of God, revelation, oracle; decree, plan, proposal; report, news; a thing, matter, object of discourse; occurrence, action, history, affairs; relation, reference, way; cause, suit at law, ground.

Matched via consonantal key only

דֹּ֫בֶר

noun masculine • Root דבר , דבר • Consonantal / Medium • Page 353

1. pasture. 2. back, turning of the back, progress.

Matched via consonantal key only

דֹּבֶר

noun • Root דבר • Consonantal / Medium • Page 351

Pasture. Derived from דָּבַר II (to lead, to guide).

Matched via consonantal key only

דְּבֵר

proper name • Consonantal / Medium • Page 353

A reference to the proper name דְּבִיר (Debir).

Matched via consonantal key only

דַּבָּר

noun masculine • Root דבר • Consonantal / Medium • Page 353

The speaker, i.e. the spirit of God which speaks out of the prophets.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

דָּבַר

verb • Page 154

To speak; used in various idioms: 3. to speak with one's self or meditate (Gen. 24:45). 4. to speak or promise good concerning any one (Num. 10:29). 5. to speak kindly with any one (2 K. 25:28). 6. to speak kindly or peaceably (Ps. 28:3). 7. to pass sentence against (2 K. 25:6). Sense 2: to destroy (2 Chr. 22:10), derived from 'to drive away'. Includes Niph. (to speak together, Mal. 3:16), Hiph. (to subdue, Ps. 18:48), and Hithpa. (2 Sam. 14:13).

דֶּבֶר

m. plur. דְּבָרִים • Root דבר • Page 155

Pestilence. (Ex. 9:3, Lev. 26:25, Deut. 28:21, Hos. 13:14). Ideas of death and pestilence are often expressed by the same word.

דֹּבֶר

noun masculine • Root דבר • Page 155

A fold, pasture. (Mic. 2:12, Is. 5:17). Comparable to Syriac and Arabic terms for a field.

דָּבַר

verb • Root דבר • Page 153

1. Probably as its primary signification, to lead, to drive. Hence the derivatives דָּבָר, דִּבְרָה, מִדְבָּר. 2. To put in order, to arrange, connect; and hence to connect words, to speak. In Kal found in the participle דֹּבֵר and the infinitive דַּבֵּר (Ps. 51:6). Much more common in Pi. דִּבֶּר (fut. יְדַבֵּר) meaning to speak, loquor (different from אָמַר to say). Covers various grammatical constructions including speaking to (preceded by אֶל, לְ, or עִם), speaking of (preceded by אֶת or עַל), and speaking against (preceded by בְּ or אֶל). Also used to mean 'to promise' (Deut. 19:8).

Verb Piel perfect third person masculine singular

LXX: ἐλάλησεν λάλησον ἐλάλησα λαλήσω εἶπεν

LXX Usage Statistics

H1696:

ἐλάλησεν 344× (29.7%)

λάλησον 62× (5.7%)

ἐλάλησα 51× (4.6%)

λαλήσω 44× (3.9%)

εἶπεν 44× (3.8%)

λαλῆσαι 42× (3.6%)

ἐλάλησασ 38× (3.4%)

ἐλάλησαν 38× (3.3%)

'' 27× (2.1%)

λαλῶν 26× (2.3%)

בי בּי

within me

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ני

Definition

me, personal pronoun - verb/prep. suffix: 1st person common singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 1st person singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9030

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

בְּ

preposition • Page 84

A preposition with various meanings: 4. by (swearing, Gen. 22:16); 5. through (Num. 12:2); 6. upon (Num. 14:10); 7. to a place or thing (Judg. 6:35); 8. against (Gen. 16:12); 9. concerning (after 'to speak'); 10. out of, from (Gen. 44:5); 11. among; 12. before (Gen. 23:18); 13. for (Deut. 19:21); 14. on account of (Gen. 18:28); 15. after, according to (Gen. 1:26); 16. as (Job 34:36); 17. used with verbs of sense; 18. Beth essentiae (Jehovah is among my helpers, Ps. 118:7); 19. before an infinitive: when, while, after, since (Gen. 2:4).

בּ

prefix • Page 83

A prefix preposition with various meanings: 1. In or into a place/subject. 2. With, denoting an instrument, aid, or concomitance. 3. On, at, or near.

Preposition -Within Art, Suffix pronominal first person both singular

ומלתו וּמִלָּתוֹ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

מלה

millâh

Definition

a word; collectively, a discourse; figuratively, a topic

Root

from H4448 (מלל) (plural masculine as if from מלה;

Exhaustive

from מלל (plural masculine as if from מלה; a word; collectively, a discourse; figuratively, a topic; [phrase] answer, by-word, matter, any thing (what) to say, to speak(-ing), speak, talking, word.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4405

הו

Definition

his, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9023

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

י

letter • Consonantal / Low • Page 567

The tenth letter of the alphabet, called יוֹד (Yôd). As a letter, it signifies 'the hand'. As a numeral, it denotes 10.

Matched via prefix/suffix stripped stem

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מִלָּה

f. plur. verbal • Root מלל • Page 378

1. a word, speech, (synonymous with דָּבָר; used only in poetry). Prov. 23:9. Ps. 19:5. 139:4. 2 Sam. 23:2. Also a proverb, by-word. Job 30:9. 2. a thing. Job 32:11.

מִלָּה

f. chald. • Page 379

1. a word, speech (Dan. 4:28, 30). 2. a thing (Dan. 2:8, 15, 17).

Conjunction, Noun common feminine singular construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine singular

LXX: ῥήματα ---% λόγουσ ῥημάτων λόγων

LXX Usage Statistics

H4405:

ῥήματα 10× (17.0%)

---% 5× (7.3%)

λόγουσ 4× (6.9%)

ῥημάτων 4× (6.9%)

λόγων 3× (4.7%)

--- 2× (3.5%)

--- 2× (3.5%)

ῥήμασιν 2× (3.5%)

λόγοισ 2× (3.2%)

πρᾶγμα 2× (3.2%)

על עַל־

upon/against/yoke

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

על

ʻal

Definition

above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications

Root

properly, the same as H5920 (על) used as a preposition (in the singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a particle following);

Exhaustive

properly, the same as על used as a preposition (in the singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications; above, according to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, [idiom] as, at, because of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, [idiom] both and, by (reason of), [idiom] had the charge of, concerning for, in (that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-) on, over, than, through(-out), to, touching, [idiom] with.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5921

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עַל

adjective / noun • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1088

Highest; same as עֶלְיוֹן. This form is abridged from עָלָה and derived from עָלַי (like יַד from יָדָה I.), serving as the construct form עֲלֵי (out of עֲלַאי).

עַל

preposition / adverb • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1088

A preposition: upon, over, above, super, in the widest sense. It expresses protecting, covering, resting above upon (answering to 'where'); motion toward the upper surface (answering to 'whither?'); local direction to a more distant agency; or proximity/timing ('with, at'). Used figuratively as dat. commodi and incommodi, meaning a burden or duty upon one, or with certain verbs replacing the dative case. Also expresses motion down upon or up to, sometimes interchanging with אֶל.

עַל

preposition / adverb • Strongs / High • Page 1089

Preposition or Adverb meaning upon, over, at, above (denoting physical overtopping or mental superiority/dominion); expressing addition (to, reckoned to); proximity (by, around); suitability (according to); or occasionally used concessively (though, quanquam).

עַל

preposition / particle / conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 1090

Properly, over, upon, concerning, notwithstanding, against, towards, for the sake of, on account of. Used to express position, antithesis, or distance (away from). After certain verbs, signifies giving way, removing, or fleeing. Also forms various compound particles (e.g., עַל-מָה, עַל-כֵּן, עַל אֲשֶׁר).

עַל

preposition (aramaic) • Root אלא • Strongs / High • Page 1090

Aramaic equivalent of the Hebrew עַל. Means: Upon, over, on account of, unto, against, or dative. (Used with suffixes like עָלַי, עָלֵךְ, עֲלֵיהוֹן).

עַל

noun / prepos. • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1092

Derivative of עָלָה, listed as a noun and a preposition.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עַל

substantive / adverb / adjective • Root עלה • Page 507

Strictly a substantive meaning whatever is high or uppermost (Hos. 7:16, 11:7). Used as an adverb: (1.) 'above' (Gen. 27:39, 49:25; Ps. 50:4). Used as an adjective: (2.) 'high' (2 Sam. 23:1).

Preposition

LXX: ἐπὶ ἐπ' ἐφ' τοῦτο ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H5921a:

ἐπὶ 1722× (33.1%)

ἐπ' 701× (13.4%)

ἐφ' 195× (3.7%)

τοῦτο 116× (1.9%)

'' 116× (1.9%)

περὶ 113× (2.2%)

ἀπὸ 108× (2.1%)

--- 108× (2.1%)

αὐτοὺσ 95× (1.6%)

εἰσ 93× (1.8%)

לשוני לְשׁוֹנִי׃

my tongue

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

לשון

lâshôwn

Definition

the tongue (of man or animals), used literally (as the instrument of licking, eating, or speech), and figuratively (speech, an ingot, a fork of flame, a cove of water)

Root

or לשן; also (in plural) feminine לשנה; from H3960 (לשן);

Exhaustive

or לשן; also (in plural) feminine לשנה; from לשן; the tongue (of man or animals), used literally (as the instrument of licking, eating, or speech), and figuratively (speech, an ingot, a fork of flame, a cove of water); [phrase] babbler, bay, [phrase] evil speaker, language, talker, tongue, wedge.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3956

י

Definition

my, personal posessive - noun suffix: 1st person common singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 1st person singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9020

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

לָשׁוֹן

noun • Root לוש • Strongs / High • Page 780

The tongue, properly the licker.

לָשׁוֹן

noun / masculine and feminine • Root לשש • Strongs / High • Page 794

The tongue, as the organ for licking, swallowing, and speech. By extension, it means speech itself, language, or an idiom. It is also used metaphorically for tongue-shaped objects like a bar of gold, a flame, or a bay of the sea, and is the name of a plant.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

לָשׁוֹן

com. gen. • Page 349

1. a tongue (Ps. 10:7). Used for a conjurer (Ecc. 10:11), a slanderer (Ps. 140:12), perverted speech (Prov. 17:20), language (Dan. 1:4), a people (Is. 66:18). 2. applied to things without life, as a bar of gold (Josh. 7:21), a flame of fire (Is. 5:24), a tongue of the sea/bay (Josh. 15:5).

Noun common both singular construct, Suffix pronominal first person both singular

LXX: γλῶσσα γλῶσσαν γλώσσῃ γλώσσησ γλῶσσά

LXX Usage Statistics

H3956:

γλῶσσα 23× (17.5%)

γλῶσσαν 15× (11.8%)

γλώσσῃ 15× (11.7%)

γλώσσησ 10× (8.0%)

γλῶσσά 10× (7.1%)

γλώσσασ 5× (3.6%)

γλῶσσάν 4× (2.8%)

γλῶσσαι 4× (3.0%)

λέξιν 3× (1.5%)

'' 3× (2.2%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
The Spirit of Jehovah spake in me, and his word upon my tongue.

LITV Translation:
The Spirit of Jehovah has spoken by me, and His Word is on my tongue.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
The Spirit of the Lord spoke by me, And his word was upon my tongue.