2 Samuel 22:43

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

ואשחקם וְאֶשְׁחָקֵם

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

שחק

shâchaq

Definition

to comminate (by trituration or attrition)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to comminate (by trituration or attrition); beat, wear.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7833

הם

Definition

them, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9038

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יְשַׁחְקֵק

verb • Root חקק • Lemma_Lookup • Page 657

see חָקַק.

מִשְׁחָק

masculine noun • Root שחק • Lemma_Lookup • Page 917

an object of laughter, mocking.

שִׂחֵק

verb piel • Root שחק • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1409

To jest; to dance (of the religious dance).

שָׂחַק

verb • Root שחק • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1409

Prop. to be clear, serene, therefore to laugh. Also, to smile upon, to laugh at, to scorn; to rejoice at one's misfortune; to sport, to dance.

שַׁחַק

noun masculine • Root שחק • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1409

1. A thing small or insignificant, which has no weight, hence fine dust. 2. Thinness, a thin vapour, a thin cloud. (Plural שְׁחָקִים refers to the sky or heavens, the seat of the angels/God).

שָׁחַק

verb • Root שחק • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1409

To press into, to engrave, to cut into, hence to hollow out. Also, to wear out, reduce, make thin, fine, small; generally to rub or beat in pieces, such as spices; figuratively, to destroy.

שְׁחָקִים

noun masculine plural • Root שחק • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1409

Plural of שְׁחֹק, referring to the sky or heavens (see significance 2 of שְׁחֹק).

שַׁחֲקָן

unknown • Root שחק • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1409

See שִׂחֵק (a derivative related to laughing/sporting).

Conjunction, Verb Qal first person common singular, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX: αὐτοὺσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H7833:

αὐτοὺσ 2× (24.1%)

כעפר כַּעֲפַר־

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כ

kə

Definition

like, as

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix Derived terms כאשר‎ (ka'ashér) כמו‎ (k'mó) כמות‎ (k'mót) כש־‎ (k'she-)

Exhaustive

(kaph) — as / like / according to

Core value: correspondence, patterning, resonance
כ never asserts identity. It asserts alignment.
- likeness,
- proportionality,
- conformity to a form.
Aonically, כ signals phase-alignment, not comparison.
not “like X in appearance” but “operating according to the same pattern as X.”
This is why prophetic and poetic language leans heavily on כ: it encodes structural analogy across layers, not metaphor.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

עפר

ʻâphâr

Definition

dust (as powdered or gray); hence, clay, earth, mud

Root

from H6080 (עפר);

Exhaustive

from עפר; dust (as powdered or gray); hence, clay, earth, mud; ashes, dust, earth, ground, morter, powder, rubbish.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6083

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עָפָר

noun masculine • Root עפר • Strongs / High • Page 1118

Dust, a dry, bruised, crushed part of earth (out of which the body of the first man was formed); hence 1. dust; 2. dry earth, clay; 3. sand; 4. earth generally; 5. something earthly, transitory, or a corpse.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עָפָר

m. dec. iv. c. • Page 519

dust, earth. Gen. 2:7. 26:15. Lev. 14:42. Used for the grave (to lie in the dust). Gen. 3:19. Ps. 104:29. figurative for humility or frailty, Gen. 18:27.

Preposition, Noun common both singular construct

LXX: χοῦν γῆν γῆσ ὡσ χοῦσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H6083:

χοῦν 31× (23.5%)

γῆν 19× (14.7%)

γῆσ 15× (11.4%)

ὡσ 8× (7.1%)

χοῦσ 7× (5.3%)

---% 6× (4.3%)

χῶμα 5× (3.9%)

γῇ 4× (2.8%)

γῆ 4× (3.3%)

αὐτῆσ 3× (1.6%)

ארץ אָרֶץ

earthly one

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ארץ

ʼerets

Definition

the earth (at large, or partitively a land)

Root

from an unused root probably meaning to be firm;

Exhaustive

from an unused root probably meaning to be firm; the earth (at large, or partitively a land); [idiom] common, country, earth, field, ground, land, [idiom] natins, way, [phrase] wilderness, world.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H776

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֶרֶץ

verb • Strongs_Numbers • Page 193

(Not used) To be hard, firm, dense. (Root of the following noun)

אֶרֶץ

noun feminine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 193

Earth, as firm land i.e. a dense firm mass, in opposition to water. Includes meanings: a) the earth in opposition to heaven; b) earth as an element/material; c) the ground; d) piece of land/field; e) land of habitation or fatherland.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֶרֶץ

noun masculine • Page 73

Earth, land. (masc. rarely, Gen. 13: 6; Is. 9: 18).

אֶרֶץ

noun feminine • Page 74

1. earth; also inhabitants of the earth, Gen. 6:11. 11:1. 2. land; e.g. אֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם the land of Egypt. Sometimes Palestine, Joel 1:2. 3. jurisdiction of a city. Josh. 8:1. Plur. אֲרָצוֹת lands.

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0776:

No stats available

כטיט כְּטִיט־

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כ

kə

Definition

like, as

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix Derived terms כאשר‎ (ka'ashér) כמו‎ (k'mó) כמות‎ (k'mót) כש־‎ (k'she-)

Exhaustive

(kaph) — as / like / according to

Core value: correspondence, patterning, resonance
כ never asserts identity. It asserts alignment.
- likeness,
- proportionality,
- conformity to a form.
Aonically, כ signals phase-alignment, not comparison.
not “like X in appearance” but “operating according to the same pattern as X.”
This is why prophetic and poetic language leans heavily on כ: it encodes structural analogy across layers, not metaphor.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

טיט

ṭîyṭ

Definition

mud or clay; figuratively, calamity

Root

from an unused root meaning apparently to be sticky (rather perb. a demonstrative); from H2894 (טוא), through the idea of dirt to be swept away);

Exhaustive

from an unused root meaning apparently to be sticky (rather perb. a demonstrative); from טוא, through the idea of dirt to be swept away); mud or clay; figuratively, calamity; clay, dirt, mire.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2916

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

טִיט

noun masculine • Root טוח • Strongs / High • Page 560

Loam, clay, potter's material, slime. Applied to the soft, kneadable mass into which one sinks.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

טִיט

noun masculine • Page 263

1. clay, potters' clay (Is. 41: 25. Nah. 3: 14.). 2. mud, mire (Ps. 18: 43. 69: 15).

Preposition, Noun common both singular construct

LXX: πηλὸν ὡσ πηλίνῳ πηλὸσ πηλοῦ

LXX Usage Statistics

H2916:

πηλὸν 5× (26.4%)

ὡσ 4× (24.0%)

πηλίνῳ 2× (12.0%)

πηλὸσ 2× (11.1%)

πηλοῦ 2× (9.3%)

חוצות חוּצוֹת

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

חוץ

chûwts

Definition

properly, separate by awall, i.e. outside, outdoors

Root

or (shortened) חץ; (both forms feminine in the plural) from an unused root meaning to sever;

Exhaustive

or (shortened) חץ; (both forms feminine in the plural) from an unused root meaning to sever; properly, separate by awall, i.e. outside, outdoors; abroad, field, forth, highway, more, out(-side, -ward), street, without.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2351

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

חוּץ

noun masculine • Root חוץ • Strongs / High • Page 468

A wall of separation. Can mean: 1. what is separated, a street; 2. Figuratively, streets for merchants, bazaars; 3. what is without, i.e. lying outside. Also used as an adverb or preposition for 'outside', 'abroad', 'without'.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

חוּץ

adv. / substantive • Page 219

1. As an adv.: without, abroad; denoting the place where (Lev. 18:9) or whither (Deut. 23:13). Joined with various prepositions (Gen. 9:22, Ps. 41:7, Gen. 6:14, Num. 5:3). 2. As a subst.: what is without the house, the street (Jer. 37:21, Job 18:17); what is without the city, fields, pastures, deserts (Job 5:10, Prov. 8:26).

Noun common feminine plural absolute

LXX: ἔξω ἔξωθεν ὁδοῖσ ἐξόδοισ αὐτῆσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H2351:

ἔξω 81× (50.1%)

ἔξωθεν 33× (19.5%)

ὁδοῖσ 7× (3.1%)

ἐξόδοισ 6× (2.7%)

αὐτῆσ 4× (1.7%)

πλατείαισ 3× (1.3%)

--- 3× (1.9%)

dκαὶ 2× (1.2%)

ἐξόδων 2× (1.2%)

ὁδῶν 2× (1.2%)

אדקם אֲדִקֵּם

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

דקק

dâqaq

Definition

to crush (or intransitively) crumble

Root

a primitive root (compare H1915 (הדך)lemma הדך missing vowel, corrected to הדך);

Exhaustive

a primitive root (compare הדךlemma הדך missing vowel, corrected to הדך); to crush (or intransitively) crumble; beat in pieces (small), bruise, make dust, (into) [idiom] powder, (be, very) small, stamp (small).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1854

הם

Definition

them, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9038

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

דַּק

adjective • Root דקק • Consonantal / Medium • Page 376

Adjective, masculine; beaten small, crushed, hence fine, of dust or spices; thin, of hair; figuratively lean, consumptive, slender, or slight.

Matched via consonantal key only

דֹּק

noun masculine • Consonantal / Medium • Page 376

Noun, masculine; dust.

Matched via consonantal key only

דֹּק

noun masculine • Consonantal / Medium • Page 376

Noun, masculine; a fine, thin cloth, a fine carpet. In Talmud, a thin covering of the eye or cataract.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

דַּק

verb • Root דקק • Page 171

1. small, fine, spoken of dust. Is. 29:5; Lev. 16:12; Ex. 16:14; Is. 40:15. 2. fine, thin, lean. Lev. 13:30; Gen. 41:3. Fem. form דַּקָּה.

דֹּק

noun masculine • Root דקק • Page 172

Thinness, something thin; hence a fine thin garment, Is. 40:22.

דְּקַק

chald. • Root דקק • Page 172

To be broken in pieces. Peal only דַּק Dan. 2:35. Aph. הַדֵּק to break in pieces. Dan. 2:34, 45; 7:7, 19.

דָּקַק

verb • Page 172

1. to be broken in pieces, to be small, fine. Ex. 32:20; Deut. 9:21. 2. trans. to bruise in pieces, to beat small. Is. 41:15; 28:28. Hiph. to stamp or beat small. 2 K. 23:15; 2 Chr. 15:16; 34:4, 6. Figuratively Mic. 4:13.

Verb Hiphil imperfect first person common singular, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX: ἐλέπτυνεν --- λεπτὸν λεπτυνεῖσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H1854:

ἐλέπτυνεν 3× (10.2%)

--- 2× (8.0%)

λεπτὸν 2× (8.0%)

λεπτυνεῖσ 2× (6.8%)

ארקעם אֶרְקָעֵם׃

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

רקע

râqaʻ

Definition

to pound the earth (as a sign of passion); by analogy to expand (by hammering); by implication, to overlay (with thin sheets of metal)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to pound the earth (as a sign of passion); by analogy to expand (by hammering); by implication, to overlay (with thin sheets of metal); beat, make broad, spread abroad (forth, over, out, into plates), stamp, stretch.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7554

הם

Definition

them, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9038

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

רָקַע

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1359

1. To smite, to stamp (the earth, often as a gesture of dislike). 2. To beat out thin, to expand by beating (a plate); to extend, to spread out (over a surface, or vault of heaven). 3. (not used) to make firm or strong.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

רָקַע

verb • Page 630

1. To stamp with the feet, to express indignation or joy (Ezek. 6: 11; 25: 6). 2. To stamp or beat out. 3. To spread out solid bodies, like the earth (Ps. 136: 6; Is. 42: 5).

Verb Qal imperfect first person common singular, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H7554:

No stats available

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And I will rub them as the dust of the earth: As the mire of the streets I will stamp them, I will beat them:

LITV Translation:
And I beat them as the dust of the earth; I crushed them small as the mire of the streets; I spread them out.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
And I ground them as the dust of the earth, I beat them small as the mire of the streets.