2 Samuel 22:28

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

ואת וְאֶת־

and אֵת-self eternal

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

את

ʼêth

Definition

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

Root

apparent contracted from H226 (אות) in the demonstrative sense of entity;

Exhaustive

apparent contracted from אות in the demonstrative sense of entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely); (as such unrepresented in English).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H853

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֵת

particle • Strongs_Numbers • Page 87

Particle used as a sign of the accusative, indicating the definite object of a verb; also used reflexively, or in designations of time and place. Occasionally interchangeable with other prepositions.

אֵת

substantive • Root אות • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

I. Proper substance, being, essence, body, self, essential. It is used as the sign of an accusative, or to give prominence to a noun as subject.

אֵת

preposition • Root אנה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

II. With; expressing fellowship or accompaniment. Properly side, support, lean upon.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Mattock, coulter of a plough, hoe, prop. anything cutting into.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Equivalent to אֵת III., of which it is merely a collateral form.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אוֹת or אֶת

sign of accusative case • Page 35

A sign of the accusative case.

אֶת

com. gen. chald. • Page 81

Equivalent to the Hebrew אוֹת (sign, miracle). Synonymous with תְּמַהּ. References: Dan. 3: 32, 33; 6: 28.

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (fem.). In pause אָתְּ. Found in Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2. Also sometimes appears as a masculine form (Num. 11: 15; Ezek. 28: 14).

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (masc.). Equivalent to אַתָּה. Note: Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2.

אֵת

ii. particle • Page 81

A primitive particle and sign of the accusative case (with Makk. -אֶת; with suffixes אֹתִי, אֹתָנוּ, etc.). Often denotes the definite direct object but can appear in circumstances where other languages employ the nominative (with passive verbs, neuter verbs, or before a nominative subject). References: Gen. 17: 5; Ex. 10: 8; 1 Sam. 17: 34.

אֵת

i. m. subst. • Page 81

Ploughshare. Inflected in two ways as אֵתִים and אֵתִין. References: 1 Sam. 13: 20, 21; Is. 2: 4; Joel 4: 10 [3:10]. Its etymology is suggested to be related to the word מַחֲרֶשֶׁת.

Conjunction, Direct object eternal self

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0853:

No stats available

עם עַם

together with/a people

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

עם

ʻam

Definition

a people (as a congregated unit); specifically, a tribe (as those of Israel); hence (collectively) troops or attendants; figuratively, a flock

Root

from H6004 (עמם);

Exhaustive

from עמם; a people (as a congregated unit); specifically, a tribe (as those of Israel); hence (collectively) troops or attendants; figuratively, a flock; folk, men, nation, people.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5971

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עַם

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1100

Properly union, association, community, congregation, company. Hence: 1. A people (including the Israelite people, different nations, mankind, inhabitants of a city, countrymen, a tribe, kindred, or family-stock). 2. The mass of the people, the populace, or lower people (opposed to leaders/rich). 3. A troop of animals.

עַם

noun m. • Root עמם • Strongs / High • Page 1101

People, the community, the mass of the people. Used along with אֻמָּה and גּוֹי.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עַם

com. gen. • Page 512

a people, i. e. my people or country. Applied to animals, Prov. 30: 25, 26. Ps. 74: 14. Plur. עַמִּים (rarely in Chaldaic form עַמְמִים). Denotes the Jews as opposed to other nations (gentiles). Sometimes plur. stands for singular as Lev. 19: 16. נֶאֱסַף אֶל־עַמָּיו to be gathered to his people, i. e. to die.

עַם

chald. n. • Page 512

idem. Plur. עַמְמִין, emph. עַמְמַיָּא, Dan. 3 : 4, 7, 31. 5 : 19. 6 : 26. 7 : 14.

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: λαοῦ λαὸσ λαὸν λαῷ λαόν

LXX Usage Statistics

H5971a:

λαοῦ 347× (18.2%)

λαὸσ 338× (17.6%)

λαὸν 251× (13.2%)

λαῷ 173× (8.7%)

λαόν 170× (8.8%)

λαόσ 132× (6.8%)

ἐθνῶν 46× (2.5%)

'' 43× (2.2%)

--- 41× (2.5%)

ἔθνη 39× (2.2%)

עני עָני

afflicted/depressed one

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

עני

ʻânîy

Definition

depressed, in mind or circumstances

Root

from H6031 (ענה); (practically the same as H6035 (ענו), although the margin constantly disputes this, making H6035 (ענו) subjective and objective);

Exhaustive

from ענה; (practically the same as ענו, although the margin constantly disputes this, making ענו subjective and objective); depressed, in mind or circumstances; afflicted, humble, lowly, needy, poor.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6041

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עָנִי

prop. part. pass. m. • Root ענה • Strongs / High • Page 1112

An oppressed, suffering, wretched one; a pious, patient one; a humble one (all various significations of the verb).

עָנִי

adjective • Root ענה • Strongs / High • Page 1113

Poor, wretched, afflicted, humble, depressed (in pause עָנִי, with suff. עָנִיּוֹ, עָנִיֵּינוּ, עָנִיִּים, עָנִיּוֹת). A peaceful, meek, patient one; an oppressed one; a banished one; a disquieted one; a pious, innocent one. Generally used in all the various meanings of the verb.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עָנָי , עָנִי

verb • Root ענה • Page 517

1. poor, helpless; often in reference to national distresses of the Israelites (Ex. 22:24, Deut. 24:12). 2. humble, lowly (Zech. 9:9). Verbal from עָנָה no. II.

עָנִי

adjective • Root ענה • Page 517

1. afflicted, oppressed, poor, unhappy (Ps. 9:13, 10:12). 2. meek (Num. 12:3). Verbal from עָנָה no. II.

Adjective adjective both singular absolute

LXX: πτωχὸν πτωχὸσ πτωχοῦ πτωχόσ πένητα

LXX Usage Statistics

H6041:

πτωχὸν 9× (11.7%)

πτωχὸσ 7× (9.4%)

πτωχοῦ 5× (6.2%)

πτωχόσ 4× (5.1%)

πένητα 4× (5.1%)

πτωχῶν 4× (5.1%)

πενήτων 4× (4.9%)

πτωχῷ 4× (4.7%)

ταπεινὸν 3× (3.9%)

πτωχοὺσ 3× (3.7%)

תושיע תּוֹשׁיעַ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ישע

yâshaʻ

Definition

properly, to be open, wide or free, i.e. (by implication) to be safe; causatively, to free or succor

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; properly, to be open, wide or free, i.e. (by implication) to be safe; causatively, to free or succor; [idiom] at all, avenging, defend, deliver(-er), help, preserve, rescue, be safe, bring (having) salvation, save(-iour), get victory.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3467

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יָשַׁע

verb • Root ישע • Strongs / High • Page 660

To be wide, spacious; metaphorically, to be free, fortunate, unrestrained, delivered from oppression.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יֶשַׁע and יֵשַׁע

verb / dec. vi. • Root ישע • Page 303

1. help, salvation, deliverance (Ps. 13:6, 50:23). 2. prosperity, happiness (Job 5:4, Ps. 132:17, Is. 61:10).

Verb Hiphil imperfect second person masculine singular

LXX: ἔσωσεν σώσει σῶσόν σῶσον ἡμᾶσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3467:

ἔσωσεν 20× (8.6%)

σώσει 18× (7.6%)

σῶσόν 15× (6.9%)

σῶσον 14× (6.5%)

ἡμᾶσ 13× (5.0%)

σώσω 11× (4.8%)

αὐτοὺσ 11× (3.8%)

σῶσαι 10× (4.0%)

σῴζων 10× (4.2%)

σώσεισ 8× (3.6%)

ועיניך וְעֵינֶיךָ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

עין

ʻayin

Definition

an eye (literally or figuratively); by analogy, a fountain (as the eye of the landscape)

Root

probably a primitive word;

Exhaustive

probably a primitive word; an eye (literally or figuratively); by analogy, a fountain (as the eye of the landscape); affliction, outward appearance, [phrase] before, [phrase] think best, colour, conceit, [phrase] be content, countenance, [phrase] displease, eye((-brow), (-d), -sight), face, [phrase] favour, fountain, furrow (from the margin), [idiom] him, [phrase] humble, knowledge, look, ([phrase] well), [idiom] me, open(-ly), [phrase] (not) please, presence, [phrase] regard, resemblance, sight, [idiom] thee, [idiom] them, [phrase] think, [idiom] us, well, [idiom] you(-rselves).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5869

ך

Definition

your, personal posessive - noun suffix: 2nd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 2nd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9021

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עַיִן

noun feminine • Root עין • Strongs / High • Page 1081

1. The eye, oculus, as the organ of sight; used figuratively for perception, attention, favorable/unfavorable views, and expression of emotion (e.g., proud, humble, joyous look). It also denotes the middle of the forehead (between the eyes), or proximity ('in the eyes of one'). 2. The eye as a fountain of tears. 3. A look or gaze (e.g., piercingly, enviously). 4. What presents itself to the sight: a phenomenon, appearance, sight, or prospect.

עַיִן

noun feminine • Strongs / High • Page 1082

The eye, bead or pearl, of wine.

עַיִן

noun feminine • Strongs / High • Page 1082

A fountain (constr. עֵין), pl. עֲיָנֹת.

עַיִן

noun proper • Strongs / High • Page 1082

Proper name of a city of Simeon/Levitical city within Judah (7a), or a locality in the north-east of Palestine (7b).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עַיִן

com. gen. • Page 503

1. an eye (Ezek. 12: 12). 2. 'before the eyes of any one' (Gen. 23: 11, 18). 3. 'in the eyes', i.e. in the judgment.

עַיִן

m. denom. • Root עין • Page 505

looking askance, envious. Found in 1 Sam. 18:9 Keri.

עַיִן

noun • Page 504

1. Ment or opinion, often conveying the idea of seeming or appearing (Gen. 19:14, 2 Sam. 10:3). 2. A bead or bubble in wine (Prov. 23:31). 3. Perhaps a look (Cant. 4:9). 4. Face, countenance, like פָנִים (Ps. 6:8, Num. 14:14). 5. The surface (Ex. 10:5, Num. 22:5). 6. Appearance, form (Num. 11:7, Lev. 13:5, Ezek. 1:4). 7. A spring, fountain, with plural עֵינוֹת (Gen. 16:7). The eye is figuratively considered a fountain of tears.

Conjunction, Noun common both dual construct, Suffix pronominal second person masculine singular

LXX: ὀφθαλμοῖσ ἐναντίον ἐνώπιον ὀφθαλμοὺσ ὀφθαλμοὶ

LXX Usage Statistics

H5869a:

ὀφθαλμοῖσ 134× (13.0%)

ἐναντίον 111× (12.6%)

ἐνώπιον 87× (10.0%)

ὀφθαλμοὺσ 80× (7.8%)

ὀφθαλμοὶ 74× (6.9%)

ὀφθαλμοί 58× (5.6%)

ὀφθαλμῶν 54× (5.6%)

ὀφθαλμούσ 38× (3.8%)

κατ' 28× (3.2%)

ὀφθαλμόσ 27× (2.5%)

על עַל־

upon/against/yoke

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

על

ʻal

Definition

above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications

Root

properly, the same as H5920 (על) used as a preposition (in the singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a particle following);

Exhaustive

properly, the same as על used as a preposition (in the singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications; above, according to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, [idiom] as, at, because of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, [idiom] both and, by (reason of), [idiom] had the charge of, concerning for, in (that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-) on, over, than, through(-out), to, touching, [idiom] with.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5921

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עַל

adjective / noun • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1088

Highest; same as עֶלְיוֹן. This form is abridged from עָלָה and derived from עָלַי (like יַד from יָדָה I.), serving as the construct form עֲלֵי (out of עֲלַאי).

עַל

preposition / adverb • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1088

A preposition: upon, over, above, super, in the widest sense. It expresses protecting, covering, resting above upon (answering to 'where'); motion toward the upper surface (answering to 'whither?'); local direction to a more distant agency; or proximity/timing ('with, at'). Used figuratively as dat. commodi and incommodi, meaning a burden or duty upon one, or with certain verbs replacing the dative case. Also expresses motion down upon or up to, sometimes interchanging with אֶל.

עַל

preposition / adverb • Strongs / High • Page 1089

Preposition or Adverb meaning upon, over, at, above (denoting physical overtopping or mental superiority/dominion); expressing addition (to, reckoned to); proximity (by, around); suitability (according to); or occasionally used concessively (though, quanquam).

עַל

preposition / particle / conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 1090

Properly, over, upon, concerning, notwithstanding, against, towards, for the sake of, on account of. Used to express position, antithesis, or distance (away from). After certain verbs, signifies giving way, removing, or fleeing. Also forms various compound particles (e.g., עַל-מָה, עַל-כֵּן, עַל אֲשֶׁר).

עַל

preposition (aramaic) • Root אלא • Strongs / High • Page 1090

Aramaic equivalent of the Hebrew עַל. Means: Upon, over, on account of, unto, against, or dative. (Used with suffixes like עָלַי, עָלֵךְ, עֲלֵיהוֹן).

עַל

noun / prepos. • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1092

Derivative of עָלָה, listed as a noun and a preposition.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עַל

substantive / adverb / adjective • Root עלה • Page 507

Strictly a substantive meaning whatever is high or uppermost (Hos. 7:16, 11:7). Used as an adverb: (1.) 'above' (Gen. 27:39, 49:25; Ps. 50:4). Used as an adjective: (2.) 'high' (2 Sam. 23:1).

Preposition

LXX: ἐπὶ ἐπ' ἐφ' τοῦτο ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H5921a:

ἐπὶ 1722× (33.1%)

ἐπ' 701× (13.4%)

ἐφ' 195× (3.7%)

τοῦτο 116× (1.9%)

'' 116× (1.9%)

περὶ 113× (2.2%)

ἀπὸ 108× (2.1%)

--- 108× (2.1%)

αὐτοὺσ 95× (1.6%)

εἰσ 93× (1.8%)

רמים רָמִים

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

רום

rûwm

Definition

to be high actively, to rise or raise (in various applications, literally or figuratively)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to be high actively, to rise or raise (in various applications, literally or figuratively); bring up, exalt (self), extol, give, go up, haughty, heave (up), (be, lift up on, make on, set up on, too) high(-er, one), hold up, levy, lift(-er) up, (be) lofty, ([idiom] a-) loud, mount up, offer (up), [phrase] presumptuously, (be) promote(-ion), proud, set up, tall(-er), take (away, off, up), breed worms.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7311

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

רוּם

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1327

Intransitive verb. To be high, raised high, grown high; to be proud-looking, haughty, exalted, mighty, glorious; or to raise up/exalt oneself, advance, prosper.

רוּם

noun masc. • Root רום • Strongs / High • Page 1328

Height, only used as an adverb ('on high') for רוֹמָה.

רוּם

noun masc. • Root רום • Strongs / High • Page 1328

Height (of heavens); figuratively pride, haughtiness, a look as a sign of haughtiness, or a free, careless look.

רוּם

verb intransitive • Root רום • Strongs / High • Page 1342

I. to be high, to be elevated. (Nif. to lift up oneself.)

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

רוּם

verb • Page 611

To be lifted up, exalted, elevated. Used of the heart being lifted up with pride (Deut. 8:14). To be exalted in triumph (Ps. 13:3). To be raised or built (Is. 49:11). Spoken of God being praised (Ps. 18).

רוּם

chald. v. • Root רום • Page 612

Identical in meaning to Hebrew root (to be high). Forms include Peil רִם (to be lifted up), Pal. רוֹמֵם (to exalt, praise), Aph. (to lift up), and Ithpal. (to lift one's self up).

רוּם

noun masculine • Root רום • Page 612

Height, pride, arrogance. Often associated with the eyes (עַיִן).

רוּם

chald. n. m. • Root רום • Page 612

Height.

Verb Qal participle active masculine plural absolute

LXX: ὑψωθήσεται ὕψωσεν ἀφελεῖτε ἀφοριεῖτε ὑψώσει

LXX Usage Statistics

H7311a:

ὑψωθήσεται 12× (5.8%)

ὕψωσεν 6× (2.9%)

ἀφελεῖτε 5× (2.4%)

ἀφοριεῖτε 5× (2.6%)

ὑψώσει 5× (2.3%)

ὑψῶσαι 5× (2.4%)

--- 5× (2.6%)

'' 5× (2.2%)

ὕψωσα 5× (2.4%)

ὑψώθητι 4× (2.1%)

תשפיל תַּשְׁפִּיל׃

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

שפל

shâphêl

Definition

to depress or sink (expectation figuratively, to humiliate, intransitive or transitive)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to depress or sink (expectation figuratively, to humiliate, intransitive or transitive); abase, bring (cast, put) down, debase, humble (self), be (bring, lay, make, put) low(-er).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8213

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שְׁפַל

verb (aramaic) • Root שפל • Consonantal / Low • Page 1471

Aram. intr. same as the Hebrew שָׁפַל in the senses to be low, weary, weak, tired.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

שְׁפַל

noun masculine (aramaic) • Root שפל • Consonantal / Low • Page 1471

(from the verb שְׁפַל) Aram. m. a low one, in rank or esteem.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

שֶׁפֶל

noun masculine • Root שפל • Consonantal / Low • Page 1471

m. lowness, a low condition.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

שָׁפַל

verb qal / intr. • Root שפל • Consonantal / Low • Page 1471

intr. to sink, of dust or mountains; to be felled, of high trees; figurat. to be made low, to be humbled, bowed down, of proud, haughty men.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

שָׁפָל

adjective • Root שפל • Consonantal / Low • Page 1471

adj. m. same as שָׁפַל according to old mss.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

Verb Hiphil imperfect second person masculine singular

LXX: ταπεινωθήσονται ταπεινοῖ '' ταπεινώσεισ ταπεινώσει

LXX Usage Statistics

H8213:

ταπεινωθήσονται 4× (10.9%)

ταπεινοῖ 3× (8.8%)

'' 3× (7.5%)

ταπεινώσεισ 2× (5.9%)

ταπεινώσει 2× (5.4%)

ταπεινῶν 2× (5.4%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And the people of affliction thou wilt save: And thine eyes upon the lifted up, thou wilt humble.

LITV Translation:
And You shall save the afflicted people, and Your eyes are on the haughty, whom You bring low.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
And thou wilt save the poor people, And wilt bring down the eyes of the haughty.