2 Kings 14:16

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

וישכב וַיִּשְׁכַּב

and he lying

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

שכב

shâkab

Definition

to lie down (for rest, sexual connection, decease or any other purpose)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to lie down (for rest, sexual connection, decease or any other purpose); [idiom] at all, cast down, (lover-)lay (self) (down), (make to) lie (down, down to sleep, still with), lodge, ravish, take rest, sleep, stay.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7901

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שָׁכַב

verb • Root שכב • Strongs / High • Page 1417

I. To bend oneself, to lie down, to lie stiff (of one destroyed), to rest, to sleep, or metaphorically to die/be buried (e.g., שָׁכַב עִם־אֲבוֹתָיו).

שָׁכַב

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1418

Denotes the coming into Sheol. 2. To lie (sexually), commonly spoken of a man lying with a woman, or vice versa, also applied to animals.

שָׁכַב

verb • Root שכב • Strongs / High • Page 1418

II. To pour out. (The sexual meaning of שָׁכַב I. may derive from originally meaning 'to moisten, with semen').

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שָׁכַב

verb • Page 670

1. to lay one's self down, particularly for sleep (Gen. 19:4, 28:11, 1 Sam. 3:5) or in death (1 K. 2:10, 11:43). 2. to lie. Constrained with an accus. of the place, hence those that lie in the grave, Ps. 88:6; she that lieth in thy bosom, Mic. 7:5.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7901

I. שָׁכַב (compare Lag¹) verb — lie down.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew שכב (Ecclesiasticus 47:23)
• Phoenician שכב, משכב
• Ethiopic ሰከበ
• Aramaic שְׁכַב, ܫܟܒ
• Nabataean משכבא (couch)
• Arabic سكب (to pour out)

— שָׁכַב Perfect 3 masculine singular שָׁכַב Genesis 26:10 +; Imperfect יִשְׁכַּב Genesis 30:15 +, 3 masculine plural יִשְׁכְּבֻן 1 Samuel 2:22, יִשְׁכָּב֑וּן Joshua 2:8, Job 30:17; Imperative masculine singular שְׁכַב 2 Samuel 13:5, שִׁכְבָה Genesis 39:7, 12; Infinitive absolute שָׁכֹב Leviticus 15:24; construct שְׁכַב 1 Kings 1:21 +, suffix שָׁכְבוֺ Ruth 3:4, שִׁכְבָהּ Genesis 19:33, 35; Participle שֹׁכֵב Genesis 28:13 +, feminine שֹׁכֶ֫בֶת Micah 7:5, Ruth 3:8, etc.

1. Lie down (opposed to קוּם, הֵקִיץ)

a. Prostrated

• Judges 5:27 (+ כָּרַע, נָפַל)

b. To sleep

• Genesis 19:4 (Jehovist Source)
• Genesis 28:11 (Elohist Source)
• 1 Samuel 3:5
• Proverbs 6:22
• 1 Kings 19:5 (+ יָשֵׁן)
• Jonah 1:5 (+ נִרְדָּם)
• 2 Samuel 12:16 (token of mourning: וְשָׁכַב אָ֑רְצָה)
• Leviticus 26:6 (Holiness Code: emphasis on resting)
• 2 Samuel 13:5 (lying on a bed)

c. Lie on one's side

• Ezekiel 4:4, 6, 9 (symbolic)

d. Lie on a person

• 1 Kings 3:19 (fatally)
• 2 Kings 4:34 (to revive)

e. Lie in one's bosom

• 2 Samuel 12:3 (cherished)
• 1 Kings 1:2 (vital warmth)

2. Lodge for the night

• Joshua 2:1 (Elohist Source)
• 2 Kings 4:11
• Leviticus 14:47

3. Of sexual relations (lie with)

a. Subject man

• With עִם: Genesis 30:15; Genesis 39:7 (Jehovist Source); Exodus 22:15; Deuteronomy 22:22
• With אֶת: Genesis 26:10; Genesis 34:2; 2 Samuel 13:14
• With אֵצֶל: Genesis 39:10
• Sodomy (with man): Leviticus 18:22; Leviticus 20:13 (Holiness Code)
• Bestiality: Deuteronomy 27:21; Leviticus 22:18

b. Subject woman

• With עִם: Genesis 19:32, 34
• With אֶת: Genesis 19:33

4. Of death

a. To lie down in death

• Isaiah 14:8
• Job 14:12 (opposed to קוּם)

b. To lie with one's fathers

• 1 Kings 1:21; 2 Kings 2:10 (of kings, 35 times)
• Genesis 47:30

c. Lying in the grave

• Psalm 88:6 (שֹׁכְבֵי קֶבֶר)
• Job 7:21 (לֶעָפָר)
• Ezekiel 32:21 (in Sheol)

5. Figurative

• Job 30:17 (of pains: "do not sleep")
• Ecclesiastes 2:23 (heart having no rest)

נִפְעַל and פֻּעַל — be lain with (sexually; subject woman), only as Qere for Kethiv [שָׁגֵל].

הִשְׁכִּיב Perfect 3 feminine singular הִשְׁכִּיבָה — lay, make to lie down.

• 1 Kings 3:20 (+ בְּחֵיק)
• 1 Kings 17:19 (on a bed)
• 2 Samuel 8:2 (absolute: "making them lie down on ground")
• Job 38:37 (figurative: "tip" the water-jars of heaven)

הֻשְׁכַּב Hophal Participle מֻשְׁכָּב — be laid.

• 2 Kings 4:32 (on a bed)
• Ezekiel 32:19, 32 (laid in death)

¹ Paul de Lagarde, Übersicht über die im Aramäischen, Arabischen und Hebräischen übliche Bildung der Nomina (1889) (Lag BN).

² Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

³ Elohist Source.

⁴ Holiness Code.

⁵ Septuagint (Greek translation).

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX: ἐκοιμήθη κοιμηθῇ κοιμηθῆναι ἐκάθευδεν κοιμηθήσῃ

LXX Usage Statistics

H7901:

ἐκοιμήθη 52× (22.9%)

κοιμηθῇ 18× (8.9%)

κοιμηθῆναι 10× (4.3%)

ἐκάθευδεν 9× (4.5%)

κοιμηθήσῃ 9× (4.4%)

κοιμώμενοσ 8× (3.6%)

κοιμήθητι 8× (4.0%)

κοιμηθήσεται 7× (3.3%)

ἐκοιμήθησαν 6× (3.1%)

κοιμηθεὶσ 5× (2.5%)

יהואש יְהוֹאָשׁ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

יהואש

Yᵉhôwʼâsh

Definition

Jehoash, the name of two Israelite kings

Root

from H3068 (יהוה) and (perhaps) H784 (אש); Jehovah-fired;

Exhaustive

from יהוה and (perhaps) אש; Jehovah-fired; Jehoash, the name of two Israelite kings; Jehoash. Compare יואש.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3060

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יְהוֹאָשׁ

noun proper masculine • Root אשש • Strongs / High • Page 588

A proper name meaning 'Yehô is supporter', from אָשׁ, a participle of אָשַׁשׁ.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יְהוֹאָשׁ

m. proper name • Page 274

'Jehovah gives.' 1. Son of Ahaziah, king of Judah (2 K. 12:1). 2. Son of Jehoahaz, king of Israel (2 K. 13:10-25).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3060

I. יְהוֺאָשׁ, יוֺאָשׁ proper name masculine (ᵐ5 Ἰωας) — Jehoash, Joash (יְהוֺ is strong, compare אישׁ; or hath bestowed, compare Arabic آس bestow).

Cognates:

• Phoenician יאש proper name, feminine
• Sabean אלאוס (Halévy¹)
• Sabean אוסאל (Halévy¹)
• Sabean יאוסאל (Halévy¹, compare D.H. Müller²)

1. Individuals named Jehoash or Joash

a. King of Judah, son of Ahaziah (Jehoahaz 3)

• 2 Kings 12:1
• 2 Kings 12:2
• 2 Kings 12:3
• 2 Kings 12:5
• 2 Kings 12:7
• 2 Kings 12:8
• 2 Kings 12:19
• 2 Kings 14:13
• Named יוֺאָשׁ in: 2 Kings 11:2; 2 Kings 12:20–21; 2 Kings 13:1; 2 Kings 13:10; 2 Kings 14:1, 3, 17, 23; 1 Chronicles 3:11; 2 Chronicles 22:11; 2 Chronicles 24:2, 4, 22, 24; 2 Chronicles 25:23, 25
• Named יאָֹשׁ in: 2 Chronicles 24:1

b. King of Israel, son of Jehoahaz 2

• 2 Kings 13:10, 25
• 2 Kings 14:8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17
• Named יוֺאָשׁ in: 2 Kings 13:9, 12, 13 (twice), 14, 25; 2 Kings 14:1, 23, 27; 2 Chronicles 25:17, 18, 21, 23, 25; Hosea 1:1; Amos 1:1

c. Father of Gideon (Jerubbaal)

• Judges 6:11, 29, 30, 31
• Judges 7:14
• Judges 8:13, 29, 32 (twice)

d. A prince of Ahab's house

• Called בֶּןהַֿמֶּלֶךְ in 1 Kings 22:26 and 2 Chronicles 18:25

e. One of David's heroes

• 1 Chronicles 12:3 (ᵐ5 Ἰωα, Ἰωας, A Ἰωρας)

f. A Judaite prince

• 1 Chronicles 4:22 (ᵐ5 Ἰωαδα, Ἰωας)

¹ Joseph Halévy, Mélanges d'épigraphie et d'archéologie sémitiques, 1874 (Hal).

² David Heinrich Müller, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (ZMG), 1883, 15.

Noun proper name masculine

LXX: ιωασ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3060:

ιωασ 16× (94.1%)

עם עִם־

together with/a people

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

עם

ʻim

Definition

adverb or preposition, with (i.e. in conjunction with), in varied applications; specifically, equally with; often with prepositional prefix (and then usually unrepresented in English)

Root

from H6004 (עמם);

Exhaustive

from עמם; adverb or preposition, with (i.e. in conjunction with), in varied applications; specifically, equally with; often with prepositional prefix (and then usually unrepresented in English); accompanying, against, and, as ([idiom] long as), before, beside, by (reason of), for all, from (among, between), in, like, more than, of, (un-) to, with(-al).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5973

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עִם

name element • Root אם • Strongs / High • Page 1101

(In united words like עַמִּי, עֲמִדָּה). Element peculiar to personal names, generally referring to God, signifying uniter, gatherer, binder together, or family-founder. Interchangeable with אֵל, אָב, אָח, and אִם.

עִם

particle / preposition / conjunction • Root עמם • Strongs / High • Page 1101

A particle/preposition meaning with, cum, beside, by, expressing communion, union, conjunction, or accompaniment. Also functions as a sign of coordination (and).

עִם

preposition / adverb / conjunction • Root עמם • Strongs / High • Page 1102

Among, between, inter, in medio, apud, with; in the midst of; notwithstanding. (When combined with מִן (מֵעִם): away from, from near, out of the possession of, from, according to the mind of.)

עִם

aramaic preposition / conjunction (aramaic) • Root עמם • Strongs / High • Page 1102

Aramaic preposition/conjunction: together with; with (e.g., the clouds of heaven, meaning riding on a cloud); of time, so long as, as long as, like; by (e.g., by night).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עִם

preposition • Page 512

used only as a preposition. 1. with. Gen. 27: 44. Ex. 22: 29. עִם זֶה with all this, notwithstanding this, Neh. 5: 18. עִם שֶׁמֶשׁ so long as the sun shall endure, Ps. 72: 5. 2. before; e. g. עִם אֵל before God, Job 9: 2. 27: 13. 3. against; e. g. נִלְחַם עִם to fight against.

עִם

preposition • Page 513

with; also in, e.g. עִם לֵילְיָא in the night (Dan. 7:2); עִם דָּר וְדָר so long as the generations of men last (Dan. 3:33, 4:31).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5973

I. עִם preposition — with.

Cognates:

• Aramaic עִם
• Sabean עם^1,2
• Arabic مَعَ³

— suffix עִמִּי (46 times) and עִמָּדִי (45 times) (probably akin to Arabic עִנְדַ side, beside: compare √ ענד), without difference of meaning (עמדי in Pentateuch Genesis 31:31; Genesis 39:7, 12, 14; Exodus 33:12; Leviticus 26:21, 23, 27, 40 (Holiness Code); Numbers 22:19; etc.); עִמְּךָ, עִמְּכָה 1 Samuel 1:26, עִמָּ֑ךְ; עִמּוֺ, עִמָּהּ; עִמָּ֫נוּ; עִמָּכֶם; עִמָּם (27 times) (Genesis 18:16 etc.); and עִמָּהֶם (23 times) (chiefly late: Numbers 22:12; Deuteronomy 29:16; Jonah 1:3; Job 1:4; etc.):

1. Of fellowship and companionship

(Latin cum), as Genesis 13:1 ולוט עמו and Lot with him, Genesis 18:16; Genesis 19:30; Genesis 24:54 הוא והאנשׁים אשׁר עמו, וכל ישׂראל עמו Joshua 7:24; often peculiar to Chronicles and Ezra are clauses introduced by ועמהם 1 Chronicles 12:34; 1 Chronicles 13:2; 1 Chronicles 15:8, Ezra 8:13, 14 (Aramaic Ezra 5:2); so ועמו 1 Chronicles 12:28; 2 Chronicles 17:14–18; Ezra 8:3–12. Coupling substantives, together with, chiefly in poetry: Deuteronomy 12:23 לא תאכל הנפשׁ עם הבשׂר, Ecclesiastes 7:11; 2 Samuel 1:24 שָׁנִי עִם עֲדָנִים, Deuteronomy 32:14 עִם חֵלֶב כרים, Psalm 66:15 אעשׂה בקר עם עתודים, Songs 4:13 כפרים עם נרדים. Unusually, Esther 9:25 אמר עם הספר he ordered in conjunction with writing, in a written order. Poetic or late uses: Psalm 42:9 ובלילה שִׁירֹה עמי, Psalm 89:22 אשׁר יָדִי תִּכּוֺן עמו; in Job of the companionship of sufferings or prosperity, Job 6:4 תִצֵּי שַׁדַּי עמדי, Job 29:6 וְצוּר יָצוּק עִמדי פלגי שׁמן, 2 Chronicles 28:10 עִמָּכֶם אֲשָׁמוֺת.

a. of aid

• Exodus 23:5
• Genesis 21:22 אלהים עמך
• Isaiah 8:10 כי עמנו אל
• Psalm 46:8
• With the help of (= Greek σύν), 1 Samuel 14:45 כי עם אלהים עשׂה היום הזה

b. Of actions done jointly

• ירשׁ עם inherit with, Genesis 21:10
• כרת ברית עם Genesis 26:28
• חָלַק עם share with, Joshua 22:8

c. Of a contest or combat

עִם is with in the sense of against: so often with נִלְחַם to fight, נִשְׁמַּט to dispute, נֶאֱבַק to wrestle, רִיב to strive.

• Genesis 32:29
• Isaiah 3:14 בּא בְּמִשְׁמָּט עם
• Psalm 94:16 מי יקום לי עִם מְרֵעִים in the struggle with evil-doers
• Job 9:14 אֶבְחֲרָה דְבָרַי עמו in the contest with him

d. Of dealing or relation

Of dealing with a person, or of the relation in which one stands with, or towards, another:

• עשׂה חסד עם to do kindness with Genesis 24:12 (in 1 person observe that in this phrase עמדי, not עמי, is regularly used, Genesis 19:19; 1 Samuel 20:14)
• דִּבֶּר עם to speak with Exodus 19:9
• תמים עם perfect with (i.e. toward) Deuteronomy 18:13
• Psalm 73:22 toward thee

e. Of a common lot

• Genesis 18:23 צדיק עם רשׁע together with the wicked
• Psalm 106:6 חטאנו עם אבותינו
• Ecclesiastes 2:16 הֶחָכָם עם הכסיל i.e. like the fool

f. Of equality or resemblance

• Job 9:26 חָֽלְפוּ עִם אֳנִיּוֺת אֵבֶה they pass by as swiftly as skiffs of reed
• נִמְשַׁל עִם Psalm 28:1

g. Of time

• Psalm 72:5 יִירָאוּךָ עם שׁמשׁ as long as the sun endureth
• Ezra 1:11 עִם הֵעָלוֺת הַגּוֺלָה (at the time of)

2. Of a locality

Close to, beside:

• Genesis 25:11 עם באר לחי ראי beside the well
• Genesis 35:4 אשׁר עם שׁכם
• 2 Samuel 6:7 שָׁם עִם אֲרוֺן האלהים
• Deuteronomy 5:28 עֲמֹד מֹּה עמדי by me

3. Of persons

a. In the house or service of

(apud, chez):

• Genesis 23:4 גֵּר וְתוֺשָׁב עמך
• Genesis 29:14 וַיֵשֶׁב עִמּוֺ
• Genesis 29:25 עבדתי עמך I have served with thee

b. In the possession of

(Latin penes):

• Genesis 24:25 עִמָּנוּ (straw is with us)
• Deuteronomy 32:34 כָּמֻס עִמָּדִי stored up with
• Job 12:13 עִמּוֺ חָכְמָה וּגְבוּרָה

c. In the custody or care of

• 1 Samuel 9:23 שִׂים אֹתָהּ עִמָּךְ
• 1 Samuel 22:23 כִּי מִשְׁמֶרֶת אַתָּה עִמָּדִי

d. Beside = except

• Deuteronomy 32:39 אֵין אלהים עִמָּדִי
• Psalm 73:25 ועמך לא חפצתי בארץ and beside thee I delight not

e. Friendly with

• Genesis 31:2 כי איננו עמי
• Proverbs 23:7 וְלִבּוֺ בַל עִמָּךְ

4. Idiomatic of a thought or purpose

a. עִם לְבַב פ

• Deuteronomy 8:5 וְיָדַעְתָּ עִם לְבָבְךָ thou shalt know with thy heart
• 1 Kings 8:17 ויהי עם לבב דוד it was David's purpose
• Psalm 77:7 muse or talk with one's heart

b. עִם alone = in one's consciousness

• Numbers 14:24 רוּחַ אַחֶרֶת עִמּוֺ i.e. operating in his mind
• Job 10:13 ידעתי כי זאת עמך that this was thy purpose
• 1 Samuel 2:26 טוֺב עִם in the judgment of

5. Metaphorical usage

Together with = in spite of, notwithstanding:

• Nehemiah 5:18 וְעִם זֶה

מֵעִם

— מֵעִם (72 times) from with or beside (= Greek παρὰ with a genitive):

a. after verbs of departing, taking, removing, etc.

• Genesis 13:14 הִמָּרֶדֿ לוֺט מֵעִמּוֺ
• 1 Samuel 16:14 סרה מעם שׁאול ורוח יהוה
• Isaiah 7:11 after שׁאל to ask
• Exodus 21:14 מֵעִם מִזְבְּחִי (sq. place)

b. with terms of kindness or names

• Genesis 24:27 אשׁר לא עזב חסדו מעם אֲדֹנִי
• Ruth 4:10 לאֹיִֿכָּרֵת שֵׁם מֵעִם

c. From the possession or custody of

• Genesis 31:31 with גזל
• Leviticus 25:41 with יצא (subject a slave)

d. Expressing origination or authorship

• 1 Samuel 20:7 כִּי כָֽלְתָה הָרָעָה מֵעִמּוֺ
• Genesis 41:32 נָכוֺן הַדָּבָר מֵעִם האלהים established from, on the part of, God
• Psalm 121:2 עֶזְרִי מעם יהוה

Aramaic

I. עִם (approximate number of occurrences: 22) preposition with (Biblical Hebrew עִם).

1. literally with
   • suffix עִמִּי Daniel 3:32
   • suffix עִמָּךְ Ezra 7:13
   • suffix עִמֵהּ Daniel 2:22
   • suffix עִמְּהוֺן Ezra 5:2
2. Uses
   • a. together with: Daniel 2:18, 43; Daniel 7:13 עִם עֲנָנֵי שְׁמַיָּא
   • b. to speak with: Daniel 6:22; war with Daniel 7:21; do with (= towards) Daniel 3:32 דִּי עֲבַד עִמִּי
3. of time
   • Daniel 3:33 = 4:31 עִם דָּר וְדָר (as long as)
   • Daniel 7:2 עִם לֵילְיָא during the night

¹ David Heinrich Müller, Epigraphische Denkmäler aus Arabien (1889).

² Fritz Hommel, Süd-arabische Chrestomathie (1893).

³ Franz Praetorius, Beiträge zur Assyriologie und semitischen Sprachwissenschaft (BAS), i. 26.

⁴ William Wright, Arabic Grammar, ed. W. Robertson Smith and M. J. de Goeje, 3rd ed. (WAG).

Preposition

LXX: μετὰ μετ' μεθ' ἐμοῦ ---

LXX Usage Statistics

H5973a:

μετὰ 252× (26.0%)

μετ' 226× (22.7%)

μεθ' 68× (6.9%)

ἐμοῦ 55× (4.8%)

--- 31× (3.2%)

παρὰ 30× (3.1%)

παρ' 24× (2.5%)

πρὸσ 23× (2.4%)

'' 22× (1.9%)

ἀπὸ 20× (2.1%)

אבתיו אֲבֹתָיו

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אב

ʼâb

Definition

father, in a literal and immediate, or figurative and remote application

Root

a primitive word;

Exhaustive

a primitive word; father, in a literal and immediate, or figurative and remote application; chief, (fore-) father(-less), [idiom] patrimony, principal. Compare names in 'Abi-'.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1

הו

Definition

his, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9023

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אָב

noun masculine • Root אבה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 43

Father; benefactor, care-taker, supporter; spiritual benefactor (teacher, instructor, counsellor); chief adviser, Visier; lord, possessor, holder (figuratively in compounds); founder of a domestic society or race; spiritual begetter, i.e. Creator, God.

אָב

noun masculine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 44

God, as the creator, benefactor, care-taker, ruler; frequently used in compound proper names denoting God.

אָב

noun masculine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 254

Father (used here as master/teacher)

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אָב

m. prim. irreg. • Page 16

1. father, properly so called; freq. 2. grandfather, forefather, ancestor (Gen. 28: 13, 1 K. 15: 11, 1 Chr. 2: 45, Gen. 4: 20, 21). 3. maker, creator (Job 38: 28). In this sense, applied to Jehovah (Is. 63: 16, 64: 7). 4. benefactor, guardian (Job 29: 16, Ps. 68: 6). Applied to the expected Messiah as אֲבִי עַד 'the eternal father of his people' (Is. 9: 5). 5. a title of respect for prophets and priests, even from kings (2 K. 6: 21, 13: 14, Judg. 17: 10). 6. 'father of the king', an oriental expression to designate a vizier or prime minister (Gen. 45: 8).

אָב

noun masculine • Page 17

Father. Beyond the literal sense, it is used for a counsellor or teacher (Gen. 41:43) and figuratively for the grave (Job 17:14). It appears in compound proper names (e.g., Abraham, Abigail) and includes the Chaldee form (Dan. 2:23).

אָב

noun masculine • Root אבה • Page 17

Wish, desire. Core biblical reference: Job 34:36.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1

I. אָב (approximate number of occurrences: 1191) noun masculine — father.

Cognates:

• Phoenician אב
• Assyrian abu
• Arabic أب
• Sabean אב (Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum iv, 1, 37 1. 2 and others)
• Ethiopic አብ
• Aramaic אַבָּא
• Arabic (Kufic style) أب

— אָב absolute Genesis 44:19 (47 times); construct אַב Genesis 17:4, Genesis 17:5; (compare in אַבְרָהָם Genesis 17:5 and elsewhere in proper names. On Halévy's proposed אֲבִר see אַבְרָהָם); אֲבִי (compare Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar¹ §90, §3b, §96) Genesis 4:20 +; suffix אָבִי Genesis 19:34 + (Massoretic Text אבי); אָבִיךָ Genesis 12:1 +; אָבִיו Genesis 2:24 +; אָבִיהָ Judges 14:10 + (6 times); plural אָבוֹת Exodus 12:3 +; construct אֲבוֹת Exodus 6:25 (7 times); suffix אֲבוֹתַי (אֲבֹתַי, אֲבוֹתָי) Genesis 47:9 (15 times); אֲבוֹתֵיהֶם 1 Chronicles 4:38 (32 times, late); אֲבוֹתָם Exodus 4:5 (106 times) etc.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Biological father

• Genesis 2:24 (+ אֵם)
• Genesis 11:28–29
• Genesis 19:31–33
• + often (mostly Jehovist Source², Elohist Source³, Deuteronomist)

b. Father as authority / commander

• Genesis 50:16 (Jehovist Source)
• Jeremiah 35:6–7
• Proverbs 6:20
• compare Genesis 18:19; Jehovist Source Genesis 28:1, 6 Priests' Code / Narrative; 1 Samuel 17:20; 1 Kings 2:1

c. Instructor / disciplinarian

• מוֹסֵר Proverbs 1:8
• Proverbs 4:1
• compare Deuteronomy 8:5

d. Begetter (genitor)

• Proverbs 23:22
• Zechariah 13:3 (+ אֵם)
• Isaiah 45:10 (+ אֵם)
• compare Genesis 49:4 (Jehovist Source); Leviticus 18:7, 8, 11 (Priests' Code / Narrative)

e. Emotional and relational roles

• Rebuking: Genesis 37:10
• Loving: Genesis 37:4; Genesis 44:20 (Jehovist Source, Elohist Source; compare Genesis 22:2; Genesis 25:28; Genesis 37:3; 2 Samuel 14:1)
• Pitying: Psalm 103:13 (in simile, compare 2 Samuel 18:5)
• Blessing: Genesis 27:41 (Jehovist Source, Elohist Source; compare Genesis 27:4; also Genesis 28:1 Priests' Code / Narrative +)
• Glad: Proverbs 10:1; Proverbs 15:20; compare Proverbs 29:3
• Grieving: Genesis 37:35 (Jehovist Source, Elohist Source; compare 2 Samuel 12:22; 2 Samuel 19:1–2) etc.

f. Object of honor and obedience

• Exodus 20:12 (Elohist Source) = Deuteronomy 5:16
• Exodus 21:15, 17 (Elohist Source); Deuteronomy 21:18–19
• Genesis 28:7 (Priests' Code / Narrative); 1 Kings 19:20 (all + אֵם); 1 Kings 50:1; 1 Kings 50:5 (Jehovist Source); Malachi 1:6 etc.

2. Metaphorical Extension

Hence metaphor of intimate connection Job 17:14 to corruption I cry, My father art thou (parallel אִמִּי and אֲחֹתִי).

3. Of God as father

Of God as father of his people (see Revue Sémitique Sem 42), who constituted, controls, guides and lovingly watches over it:

• Deuteronomy 32:6
• Jeremiah 3:4, 19
• Jeremiah 31:9
• Isaiah 63:16 (twice in verse)
• Isaiah 64:7
• Malachi 1:6
• Malachi 2:10
• compare Exodus 4:22; Exodus 19:4 (Jehovist Source, Elohist Source); Deuteronomy 32:11; Hosea 11:1
• compare Jeremiah 2:27 (of idolatrous Israel) אֹמְרִים לָעֵץ אָבִי אַתָּה וְלָאֶבֶן אַתְּ יִלַּדְתַּנִי
• especially God as father of Davidic line 2 Samuel 7:14; Psalm 89:27
• of needy (late) Psalm 68:6 (compare Psalm 103:13)

4. Head of household, family or clan

• בֵּית אָבִי as abode Genesis 38:11 (twice in verse); Leviticus 22:13 +
• = family Genesis 24:40 (parallel מִשְׁמַחְתִּי); Genesis 41:51; Genesis 46:31; Numbers 18:1–2; Joshua 2:12, 18; Joshua 6:25
• especially technical of divisions of Israel בֵּית אָב לְמִשְׁפָּחוֹת Numbers 3:30, 35 = a father's house, i.e. a family or clan
• more often plural (אֲבוֹתָם, אֲבוֹתִיו) בֵּית אָבוֹת = father's houses = families, clans (compare Dillmann on Exodus 6:14) Exodus 6:14; Exodus 12:3; Numbers 1:2, 18 ff (often in Numbers); Joshua 14:1; Joshua 19:51; Joshua 21:1 (twice in verse); Joshua 22:14 (twice in verse) (always Priests' Code / Narrative in Hexateuch); also 1 Chronicles 5:13, 15 + often in Chronicles
• compare רָאשֵׁי אֲבוֹת הַלְוִיִּם (= בֵּית אָב) Exodus 6:25 compare 1 Kings 8:1; 1 Chronicles 6:4; 1 Chronicles 7:11; Ezra, Nehemiah

5. Ancestor

• (a) of individual; grandfather (instead of precise term) Genesis 28:13; Genesis 32:10 (Jehovist Source; where used by Jacob of Abraham & then of Isaac); great-grandfather 1 Kings 15:13; great-great-grandfather 1 Kings 15:11 etc.
• often plural (= fathers, forefathers) Genesis 15:15; Genesis 46:34 (Jehovist Source, Elohist Source); 1 Kings 19:4; 1 Kings 21:3–4; 2 Kings 19:12; 2 Kings 20:17 +
• particularly שָׁכַב עִם אֲבוֹתָיו 1 Kings 1:21; 1 Kings 2:10; 1 Kings 11:21; 1 Kings 22:40 +
• joined with וַיִּשְׁכַּב עִם אָב 1 Kings 14:31; 1 Kings 15:24; 1 Kings 22:51; 2 Kings 8:24; 2 Kings 15:38 compare 2 Kings 15:7, 2 Kings 16:20 + (all of kings of Judah)
• intensive, אֲבֹתֶיךָ וַאֲבוֹת אֲבֹתֶיךָ Exodus 10:6 compare Daniel 11:24
• (b) of people Genesis 10:21 (Jehovist Source); Genesis 17:4–5 (Priests' Code / Narrative); Genesis 19:37–38 (Jehovist Source); Genesis 36:9, 43 (Priests' Code / Narrative); Deuteronomy 26:5; Isaiah 51:2; Isaiah 43:27 (where אֲבִיךָ הָרִאשׁוֹן thy first father, see Cheyne); compare also Ezekiel 16:3, 45 + often
• plural Exodus 3:13–16 (Elohist Source); Deuteronomy 1:8; Joshua 1:6; Judges 2:1; 1 Samuel 12:6 +; 1 Samuel 12:15 near the end read וּבְמַלְכְּכֶם (We⁴, Driver⁵)

6. Originator or patron of a class, profession, or art

• Genesis 4:20–21

7. Figurative of producer, generator

• Job 38:28 הֲיֵשׁ לַמָּטָר אָב (parallel הוֹלִיד אֶגְלִיטָל)

8. Figurative of benevolence and protection

• Job 29:16 אָב אָנֹכִי לָאֶבְיוֹנִים, compare Job 31:18
• of Eliakim Isaiah 22:21
• perhaps also of gracious Messianic king אֲבִי עַד Isaiah 9:5 everlasting father (Gesenius, Ewald, Delitzsch, Cheyne, Briggs, Dillmann) — others divider of spoil (Abulwalid, Hitzig, Knobel, Kuenen, Briggs, Marti)

9. Term of respect and honor

(Abbas, Pater, Papa, Pope); applied to:

• master 2 Kings 5:13
• priest Judges 17:10; Judges 18:19
• prophet 2 Kings 2:12 (twice in verse); 2 Kings 6:21; 2 Kings 13:14 (twice in verse); compare 2 Kings 8:9; counsellor Genesis 45:8 (Elohist Source; compare διοικητὴρ πατρός — add. Esther 3:13; τὸ πατρὶ 1 Maccabees Esther 11:32); king 1 Samuel 24:12; artificer 2 Chronicles 2:12; 2 Chronicles 4:16

10. Specifically, ruler, chief (late)

• 1 Chronicles 2:24, 42 (twice in verse); etc. (compare Ewald §273b) see also Ewald Geschichte i. 524. H i. 365

On the force of אָב in proper names (in many probably a divine title), see Cheyne Encyclopaedia Biblica, ABI, NAMES WITH; Nöldeke ibid., NAMES, §§44, 45.

א, Aleph, first letter; in post-Biblical Hebrew = numeral 1 (and so in margin of printed Massoretic Text); א׳ = 1000; no evidence of this usage in Old Testament times.

אָב see II. אַבָּה.

אַבַּב (fresh, bright, Assyrian abābu Delitzsch Wörterbuch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch).

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

² Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

³ Elohist Source.

⁴ J. Wellhausen.

⁵ S. R. Driver.

Noun common feminine plural construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0001:

No stats available

ויקבר וַיִּקָּבֵר

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

קבר

qâbar

Definition

to inter

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to inter; [idiom] in any wise, bury(-ier).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6912

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

קָבַר

verb transitive • Root קבר • Strongs / High • Page 1256

to dig, to dig through, to hollow out, to dig out, commonly to bury (Qal).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

קָבַר

verb • Page 578

fut. יִקְבֹּר, to bury. Gen. 23: 4, 19; 25: 9. Niph. pass. Ruth 1: 17. Pi. i. q. Kal. 1 K. 11: 15.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6912

I. קָבַר (approximate number of occurrences: 132) verb — bury.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id.
• Phoenician קבר (bury), קבר (tomb)
• Arabic قبر
• Assyrian qibiru
• Aramaic קְבַר, קְבַר
• Nabataean קבר
• Palmyrene Nabataean קברא (tomb)
• Sabean קבר¹
• Lihyanian קבר (bury)²
• compare מקבר(הם) (burial-place)³

— קָבַר; Qal₈₆ Perfect 3 masculine singular קָבַר Genesis 23:19; 2 masculine singular suffix consecutive וּקְבַרְתַּנִי Genesis 47:30, etc.; Imperfect 3 masculine singular וַיִּקְבֹּר Deuteronomy 34:6, 2 Kings 21:26, etc.; Imperative קְבֹר Genesis 23:6 +; Infinitive absolute קָבוֹר Deuteronomy 21:23; construct לִקְבּוֹר Jeremiah 19:11 +; Participle active קֹבֵר 2 Kings 9:10 +; passive קָבוּר 1 Kings 13:31, plural קְבֻרִים Ecclesiastes 8:10.

1. Qal: To bury

Bury, accusative of person, bones, etc., usually with בּ location:

• 2 Samuel 2:32
• 1 Kings 13:31 (twice in verse)
• Genesis 23:6
• Joshua 24:30, 32 (twice in verse)
• Judges 2:9 (33 times)
• With בֵּיתוֹ location: 2 Chronicles 33:20 (parallel to בְּגַן־בֵּיתוֹ 2 Kings 21:18, also בְּבֵיתוֹ 1 Samuel 25:1; 1 Kings 2:34)
• With שָׁם: Numbers 11:34
• With תַּחַת: 1 Samuel 31:13 = 1 Chronicles 10:12
• Pregnantly with אֶל location: Genesis 23:19; Genesis 25:9; Ezekiel 39:15; אֶל־אֲבֹתָ֑י Genesis 49:29
• Compare עִם־אֲבוֹתָיו: 2 Kings 12:22; 2 Kings 15:7; 2 Chronicles 25:28; 2 Chronicles 26:23 (see also Niphal, and תָּבוֹא אֶל־אֲבֹתֶיךָ Genesis 15:15)
• With שָׁ֫מָּה: Genesis 23:13; Genesis 49:31 (3 times in verse); Genesis 50:5
• With accusative of person alone: 2 Samuel 2:4, 5 (22 times); + מִלְּפָנַי Genesis 23:4, 8
• Passive: Ecclesiastes 8:10
• Accusative omitted: 2 Kings 9:10 (3 times) + (with בּ) 2 Samuel 4:12

2. Niphal: Be buried

Niphal₃₀ Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִקָּבֵר Jeremiah 22:19, etc. — be buried:

• Genesis 15:15
• Jeremiah 8:2; Jeremiah 16:4, 5; Jeremiah 25:33 (+ אסף), so read perhaps Ezekiel 29:5 for תִּקָּבֵץ (+ id.)
• קְבֻרַת חֲמוֹר יִקָּבֵר Jeremiah 22:19
• Usually with בּ location: Genesis 35:19; Judges 8:32 (6 times in Judges); 2 Samuel 17:23; 1 Kings 2:10, 34 (16 times in Kings/Chronicles)
• + עִם־אֲבוֹתָיו: 1 Kings 14:31; 1 Kings 15:24 (6 times); עִם־מַלְכֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל 2 Kings 13:13; 2 Kings 14:16
• With שָׁם: Numbers 20:1 (3 times)
• With תַּחַת, מִתַּחַת: Genesis 35:8

3. Piel: Bury (in masses)

Piel bury (in masses), with accusative:

• Imperfect 3 feminine singular suffix תְּקַבְּרֵם Hosea 9:6
• Infinitive construct לְקַבֵּר 1 Kings 11:15
• Participle plural מְקַבְּרִים Numbers 33:4; Ezekiel 39:14
• As intensive noun, of office, burier: singular מְקַבֵּר Jeremiah 14:16, plural הַמְקַבְּרִים Ezekiel 39:15

4. Pual

Pual Perfect 3 masculine singular שָׁ֫מָּה קֻבַּר אַבְרָהָם Genesis 25:10.

¹ Hommel, Chrestomathie, 126.

² D. H. Müller, Epigraphische Denkmäler aus Arabien, No. 35, 2, 3.

³ Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum, iv, No. 20, 1. 2, 4.

conjunctive, Verb Niphal sequential imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX: ἔθαψαν ἐτάφη θάψαι '' θάπτουσιν

LXX Usage Statistics

H6912:

ἔθαψαν 36× (26.2%)

ἐτάφη 25× (17.6%)

θάψαι 8× (5.9%)

'' 5× (3.5%)

θάπτουσιν 5× (3.5%)

θάπτεται 5× (3.5%)

θάψον 4× (3.3%)

--- 3× (2.5%)

θάψω 3× (2.2%)

θάπτων 3× (2.1%)

בשמרון בְּשֹׁמְרוֹן

within Watchtower (Samaria)

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

שמרון

Shômᵉrôwn

Definition

Shomeron, a place in Palestine

Root

from the active participle of H8104 (שמר); watch-station;

Exhaustive

from the active participle of שמר; watch-station; Shomeron, a place in Palestine; Samaria.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8111

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שֹׁמְרוֹן

noun proper feminine • Root שמר • Strongs / High • Page 1454

n. p. f. of a considerable mountain in central Palestine (called הַר שִׁמְרוֹן), and the metropolis of the kingdom of the ten tribes (Samaria).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שֹׁמְרוֹן

noun feminine • Page 689

Samaria, a proper name. (1.) The metropolis of the kingdom of Israel and the royal residence, situated on a mountain of the same name. 1 K. 16: 24. Am. 4: 1. 6: 1. (2.) Name of a country. 2 K. 17: 26. 23: 19.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H8111

I. שֹׁמְרוֹן (approximate number of occurrences: 109) proper name, of a location — capital of Northern Israel from Omri's time.

Cognates:

• Belonging to clan שֶׁמֶר¹
• Originally שַׁמְרוֹן or שַׁמְרַיִן
• Assyrian Samerina²

— שֹׁמְרוֹן 1 Kings 16:24 (name explanation as from שֶׁמֶר, originally owner of site), 1 Kings 16:28, 1 Kings 16:29, 1 Kings 16:32; 1 Kings 20:1, 10 +; שֹׁמְר֫וֺנָה 1 Kings 20:43, 2 Kings 6:19, 2 Kings 14:14.

1. Personification and Royal Titles

a. Personified as woman

• feminine personification Ezekiel 16:46, 51, 53, 55; Ezekiel 23:4, 33

b. King of Samaria

• מֶלֶךְ שֹׁמְרוֹן 1 Kings 21:1; 2 Kings 1:3
• אֲשֶׁר בְּשֹׁמְרוֹן 1 Kings 21:18, compare מָלַךְ עַל־יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּשֹׁמְרוֹן 1 Kings 22:52 (and 9 times more)

2. Of the territory

a. Territory designations

• שְׂדֵה שֹׁמְרוֹן Obadiah 1:19
• עָרֵי שֹׁמְרוֹן 1 Kings 13:32 (later editor), 2 Kings 17:24, 26; 2 Kings 23:19
• הָרֵי שֹׁמְרוֹן Amos 3:9; Jeremiah 31:5, compare הַר שֹׁמְרוֹן Amos 4:1; Amos 6:1; 1 Kings 16:24

b. General references to the city or district

• Jeremiah 23:13; 1 Kings 18:2; 2 Kings 7:24; 2 Kings 7:28; 2 Chronicles 25:13
• חֵיל שֹׁמְרוֹן Nehemiah 3:34

LXX (ᵐ5) usually Σαμαρεια, but 1 Kings 16:24 Σεμερω, Σαעμερων, Σομορων; = modern Sebastieh.³

Aramaic

I. שָֽׁמְרָ֑יִן proper name, of a location (Biblical Hebrew שֹׁמְרוֹן, root I. שָׁמַר).

• Ezra 4:7, 10

¹ Bernhard Stade, Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft (ZAW) v (1885), 165-175.

² Eberhard Schrader, Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament (COT), 1 Kings 16:24.

³ George Adam Smith, Historical Geography of the Holy Land (G), 346 ff; Frants Buhl, Geographie des alten Palästina (G), 207 f; A. E. Cowley, Encyclopaedia Biblica; C. W. Wilson, Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible.

Preposition, Noun proper name

LXX: σαμαρείᾳ σαμαρείασ σαμάρειαν σαμάρεια pεἰσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H8111:

σαμαρείᾳ 33× (27.9%)

σαμαρείασ 31× (29.6%)

σαμάρειαν 22× (19.3%)

σαμάρεια 10× (9.6%)

pεἰσ 6× (6.0%)

σομορων 3× (3.0%)

σεμερων 2× (1.7%)

עם עם

together with/a people

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

עם

ʻim

Definition

adverb or preposition, with (i.e. in conjunction with), in varied applications; specifically, equally with; often with prepositional prefix (and then usually unrepresented in English)

Root

from H6004 (עמם);

Exhaustive

from עמם; adverb or preposition, with (i.e. in conjunction with), in varied applications; specifically, equally with; often with prepositional prefix (and then usually unrepresented in English); accompanying, against, and, as ([idiom] long as), before, beside, by (reason of), for all, from (among, between), in, like, more than, of, (un-) to, with(-al).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5973

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עִם

name element • Root אם • Strongs / High • Page 1101

(In united words like עַמִּי, עֲמִדָּה). Element peculiar to personal names, generally referring to God, signifying uniter, gatherer, binder together, or family-founder. Interchangeable with אֵל, אָב, אָח, and אִם.

עִם

particle / preposition / conjunction • Root עמם • Strongs / High • Page 1101

A particle/preposition meaning with, cum, beside, by, expressing communion, union, conjunction, or accompaniment. Also functions as a sign of coordination (and).

עִם

preposition / adverb / conjunction • Root עמם • Strongs / High • Page 1102

Among, between, inter, in medio, apud, with; in the midst of; notwithstanding. (When combined with מִן (מֵעִם): away from, from near, out of the possession of, from, according to the mind of.)

עִם

aramaic preposition / conjunction (aramaic) • Root עמם • Strongs / High • Page 1102

Aramaic preposition/conjunction: together with; with (e.g., the clouds of heaven, meaning riding on a cloud); of time, so long as, as long as, like; by (e.g., by night).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עִם

preposition • Page 512

used only as a preposition. 1. with. Gen. 27: 44. Ex. 22: 29. עִם זֶה with all this, notwithstanding this, Neh. 5: 18. עִם שֶׁמֶשׁ so long as the sun shall endure, Ps. 72: 5. 2. before; e. g. עִם אֵל before God, Job 9: 2. 27: 13. 3. against; e. g. נִלְחַם עִם to fight against.

עִם

preposition • Page 513

with; also in, e.g. עִם לֵילְיָא in the night (Dan. 7:2); עִם דָּר וְדָר so long as the generations of men last (Dan. 3:33, 4:31).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5973

I. עִם preposition — with.

Cognates:

• Aramaic עִם
• Sabean עם^1,2
• Arabic مَعَ³

— suffix עִמִּי (46 times) and עִמָּדִי (45 times) (probably akin to Arabic עִנְדַ side, beside: compare √ ענד), without difference of meaning (עמדי in Pentateuch Genesis 31:31; Genesis 39:7, 12, 14; Exodus 33:12; Leviticus 26:21, 23, 27, 40 (Holiness Code); Numbers 22:19; etc.); עִמְּךָ, עִמְּכָה 1 Samuel 1:26, עִמָּ֑ךְ; עִמּוֺ, עִמָּהּ; עִמָּ֫נוּ; עִמָּכֶם; עִמָּם (27 times) (Genesis 18:16 etc.); and עִמָּהֶם (23 times) (chiefly late: Numbers 22:12; Deuteronomy 29:16; Jonah 1:3; Job 1:4; etc.):

1. Of fellowship and companionship

(Latin cum), as Genesis 13:1 ולוט עמו and Lot with him, Genesis 18:16; Genesis 19:30; Genesis 24:54 הוא והאנשׁים אשׁר עמו, וכל ישׂראל עמו Joshua 7:24; often peculiar to Chronicles and Ezra are clauses introduced by ועמהם 1 Chronicles 12:34; 1 Chronicles 13:2; 1 Chronicles 15:8, Ezra 8:13, 14 (Aramaic Ezra 5:2); so ועמו 1 Chronicles 12:28; 2 Chronicles 17:14–18; Ezra 8:3–12. Coupling substantives, together with, chiefly in poetry: Deuteronomy 12:23 לא תאכל הנפשׁ עם הבשׂר, Ecclesiastes 7:11; 2 Samuel 1:24 שָׁנִי עִם עֲדָנִים, Deuteronomy 32:14 עִם חֵלֶב כרים, Psalm 66:15 אעשׂה בקר עם עתודים, Songs 4:13 כפרים עם נרדים. Unusually, Esther 9:25 אמר עם הספר he ordered in conjunction with writing, in a written order. Poetic or late uses: Psalm 42:9 ובלילה שִׁירֹה עמי, Psalm 89:22 אשׁר יָדִי תִּכּוֺן עמו; in Job of the companionship of sufferings or prosperity, Job 6:4 תִצֵּי שַׁדַּי עמדי, Job 29:6 וְצוּר יָצוּק עִמדי פלגי שׁמן, 2 Chronicles 28:10 עִמָּכֶם אֲשָׁמוֺת.

a. of aid

• Exodus 23:5
• Genesis 21:22 אלהים עמך
• Isaiah 8:10 כי עמנו אל
• Psalm 46:8
• With the help of (= Greek σύν), 1 Samuel 14:45 כי עם אלהים עשׂה היום הזה

b. Of actions done jointly

• ירשׁ עם inherit with, Genesis 21:10
• כרת ברית עם Genesis 26:28
• חָלַק עם share with, Joshua 22:8

c. Of a contest or combat

עִם is with in the sense of against: so often with נִלְחַם to fight, נִשְׁמַּט to dispute, נֶאֱבַק to wrestle, רִיב to strive.

• Genesis 32:29
• Isaiah 3:14 בּא בְּמִשְׁמָּט עם
• Psalm 94:16 מי יקום לי עִם מְרֵעִים in the struggle with evil-doers
• Job 9:14 אֶבְחֲרָה דְבָרַי עמו in the contest with him

d. Of dealing or relation

Of dealing with a person, or of the relation in which one stands with, or towards, another:

• עשׂה חסד עם to do kindness with Genesis 24:12 (in 1 person observe that in this phrase עמדי, not עמי, is regularly used, Genesis 19:19; 1 Samuel 20:14)
• דִּבֶּר עם to speak with Exodus 19:9
• תמים עם perfect with (i.e. toward) Deuteronomy 18:13
• Psalm 73:22 toward thee

e. Of a common lot

• Genesis 18:23 צדיק עם רשׁע together with the wicked
• Psalm 106:6 חטאנו עם אבותינו
• Ecclesiastes 2:16 הֶחָכָם עם הכסיל i.e. like the fool

f. Of equality or resemblance

• Job 9:26 חָֽלְפוּ עִם אֳנִיּוֺת אֵבֶה they pass by as swiftly as skiffs of reed
• נִמְשַׁל עִם Psalm 28:1

g. Of time

• Psalm 72:5 יִירָאוּךָ עם שׁמשׁ as long as the sun endureth
• Ezra 1:11 עִם הֵעָלוֺת הַגּוֺלָה (at the time of)

2. Of a locality

Close to, beside:

• Genesis 25:11 עם באר לחי ראי beside the well
• Genesis 35:4 אשׁר עם שׁכם
• 2 Samuel 6:7 שָׁם עִם אֲרוֺן האלהים
• Deuteronomy 5:28 עֲמֹד מֹּה עמדי by me

3. Of persons

a. In the house or service of

(apud, chez):

• Genesis 23:4 גֵּר וְתוֺשָׁב עמך
• Genesis 29:14 וַיֵשֶׁב עִמּוֺ
• Genesis 29:25 עבדתי עמך I have served with thee

b. In the possession of

(Latin penes):

• Genesis 24:25 עִמָּנוּ (straw is with us)
• Deuteronomy 32:34 כָּמֻס עִמָּדִי stored up with
• Job 12:13 עִמּוֺ חָכְמָה וּגְבוּרָה

c. In the custody or care of

• 1 Samuel 9:23 שִׂים אֹתָהּ עִמָּךְ
• 1 Samuel 22:23 כִּי מִשְׁמֶרֶת אַתָּה עִמָּדִי

d. Beside = except

• Deuteronomy 32:39 אֵין אלהים עִמָּדִי
• Psalm 73:25 ועמך לא חפצתי בארץ and beside thee I delight not

e. Friendly with

• Genesis 31:2 כי איננו עמי
• Proverbs 23:7 וְלִבּוֺ בַל עִמָּךְ

4. Idiomatic of a thought or purpose

a. עִם לְבַב פ

• Deuteronomy 8:5 וְיָדַעְתָּ עִם לְבָבְךָ thou shalt know with thy heart
• 1 Kings 8:17 ויהי עם לבב דוד it was David's purpose
• Psalm 77:7 muse or talk with one's heart

b. עִם alone = in one's consciousness

• Numbers 14:24 רוּחַ אַחֶרֶת עִמּוֺ i.e. operating in his mind
• Job 10:13 ידעתי כי זאת עמך that this was thy purpose
• 1 Samuel 2:26 טוֺב עִם in the judgment of

5. Metaphorical usage

Together with = in spite of, notwithstanding:

• Nehemiah 5:18 וְעִם זֶה

מֵעִם

— מֵעִם (72 times) from with or beside (= Greek παρὰ with a genitive):

a. after verbs of departing, taking, removing, etc.

• Genesis 13:14 הִמָּרֶדֿ לוֺט מֵעִמּוֺ
• 1 Samuel 16:14 סרה מעם שׁאול ורוח יהוה
• Isaiah 7:11 after שׁאל to ask
• Exodus 21:14 מֵעִם מִזְבְּחִי (sq. place)

b. with terms of kindness or names

• Genesis 24:27 אשׁר לא עזב חסדו מעם אֲדֹנִי
• Ruth 4:10 לאֹיִֿכָּרֵת שֵׁם מֵעִם

c. From the possession or custody of

• Genesis 31:31 with גזל
• Leviticus 25:41 with יצא (subject a slave)

d. Expressing origination or authorship

• 1 Samuel 20:7 כִּי כָֽלְתָה הָרָעָה מֵעִמּוֺ
• Genesis 41:32 נָכוֺן הַדָּבָר מֵעִם האלהים established from, on the part of, God
• Psalm 121:2 עֶזְרִי מעם יהוה

Aramaic

I. עִם (approximate number of occurrences: 22) preposition with (Biblical Hebrew עִם).

1. literally with
   • suffix עִמִּי Daniel 3:32
   • suffix עִמָּךְ Ezra 7:13
   • suffix עִמֵהּ Daniel 2:22
   • suffix עִמְּהוֺן Ezra 5:2
2. Uses
   • a. together with: Daniel 2:18, 43; Daniel 7:13 עִם עֲנָנֵי שְׁמַיָּא
   • b. to speak with: Daniel 6:22; war with Daniel 7:21; do with (= towards) Daniel 3:32 דִּי עֲבַד עִמִּי
3. of time
   • Daniel 3:33 = 4:31 עִם דָּר וְדָר (as long as)
   • Daniel 7:2 עִם לֵילְיָא during the night

¹ David Heinrich Müller, Epigraphische Denkmäler aus Arabien (1889).

² Fritz Hommel, Süd-arabische Chrestomathie (1893).

³ Franz Praetorius, Beiträge zur Assyriologie und semitischen Sprachwissenschaft (BAS), i. 26.

⁴ William Wright, Arabic Grammar, ed. W. Robertson Smith and M. J. de Goeje, 3rd ed. (WAG).

Preposition

LXX: μετὰ μετ' μεθ' ἐμοῦ ---

LXX Usage Statistics

H5973a:

μετὰ 252× (26.0%)

μετ' 226× (22.7%)

μεθ' 68× (6.9%)

ἐμοῦ 55× (4.8%)

--- 31× (3.2%)

παρὰ 30× (3.1%)

παρ' 24× (2.5%)

πρὸσ 23× (2.4%)

'' 22× (1.9%)

ἀπὸ 20× (2.1%)

מלכי מַלְכֵי

kings

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מלך

melek

Definition

a king

Root

from H4427 (מלך);

Exhaustive

from מלך; a king; king, royal.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4428

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מֶלֶךְ

masculine noun • Root מלך • Strongs / High • Page 859

A king, ruler; properly an abstract concept of rule or government, but commonly used concretely. It can refer to a king of a land, city, people, or tribe. The term is also applied to Jehovah, idols, and animals distinguished for strength. It can also mean an adviser or counsellor, and is used as a proper name.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מֶלֶךְ

noun masculine • Page 380

a king. Ezek. 26: 7. 'the king of kings,' a title of the king of Babylon. Spoken frequently of Jehovah, Ps. 5: 3, and of false gods, Am. 5: 26.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H4428

I. מֶ֫לֶךְ (approximate number of occurrences: 2513) noun masculine — king.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew idem
• Mesha Inscription¹ מלך
• Phoenician מלך
• Zinjirli מלך
• Assyrian maliku, malku, prince (Assyrian šarru = king)
• Arabic ملك king
• Sabean מלכן, construct מלך, plural אמלך
• Ethiopic አምላክ God
• Aramaic מְלֵיךְ, מלכא
• Palmyrene מלך מלכא
• Nabataean מלכא

— מֶ֫לֶךְ absolute Genesis 14:7 +; in pause מֶ֑לֶךְ Genesis 49:20; construct מֶלֶךְ Genesis 14:1 +; suffix מַלְכִּי 2 Samuel 19:44 +; plural מְלָכִים Genesis 14:9 +, מְלָכִין Proverbs 31:3; construct מַלְכֵי Genesis 17:16 +; suffix מְלָכֶיהָ Isaiah 7:16 +, מַלְכֵיהֶם Deuteronomy 7:24 + etc.

1. King

Of various nations and regions:

• Of Egypt: Genesis 39:20; Exodus 1:8; Deuteronomy 11:3; 1 Kings 3:1
• Of Mesopotamia, Assyria, Babylon, Persia: Judges 3:8; Genesis 14:1; 2 Kings 15:19; 2 Kings 17:3; 2 Kings 18:13; 2 Kings 24:1; Ezra 1:1; Ezra 4:3; Esther 1:2 +
• Of Canaan, Philistia, Edom, Moab: Genesis 14:2; Genesis 20:2; Genesis 36:31; Numbers 20:14; Numbers 21:1; Joshua 2:2; Judges 8:5; 2 Kings 3:4
• Of Israel and Judah: Genesis 36:31; Numbers 23:21; Deuteronomy 17:14; 1 Samuel 8:5; 2 Samuel 2:4; 1 Kings 1:33 + (very often)

2. Of Davidic king, as under divine protection

• 1 Samuel 2:10 (+ מְשִׁיחוֺ)
• Psalm 2:6
• Psalm 18:51
• Psalm 89:19
• In Messianic prediction: Hosea 3:5; Isaiah 32:1; Jeremiah 23:5; Ezekiel 37:22–24; Zechariah 9:9

3. Used of Yahweh

As king of Israel and universal king:

• 1 Samuel 12:12
• Psalm 5:3; Psalm 10:16; Psalm 29:10; Psalm 44:5; Psalm 68:25; Psalm 145:1
• מֶלֶךְ הַכָּבוֺד King of glory Psalm 24:7–10
• Universal king: Psalm 47:3; Psalm 95:3; Jeremiah 10:7; Zechariah 14:9; Malachi 1:14

4. In fable and figurative use

• King of trees: Judges 9:8, 15
• Figurative of crocodile: Job 41:26
• Of death: מֶלֶךְ בַּלָּהוֺת king of terrors Job 18:14

5. Combinations and Phrases

1. Royal descriptions
   • הַמֶּלֶךְ הַגָּדוֺל the great king 2 Kings 18:19 (of Assyrian king)
   • מֶלֶךְ מְלָכִים king of kings Ezekiel 26:7 (of Babylon)
   • יְחִי הַמֶּלֶךְ long live the king! 1 Samuel 10:24; 1 Kings 1:34
2. With royal objects
   • מַעֲדַנֵּי־מֶלֶךְ royal dainties Genesis 49:20
   • מִשְׁתֵּה הַמֶּלֶךְ royal feast 1 Samuel 25:36
   • אֶבֶן הַמֶּלֶךְ king's weight 2 Samuel 14:26
   • מִקְדַּשׁ־מֶלֶךְ royal sanctuary Amos 7:13

II. מַלְכִּישׁוּעַ proper name masculine — son of Saul (my king is opulence); — 1 Samuel 14:49; 1 Samuel 31:2; 1 Chronicles 8:33. Greek Μελχεισα.

¹ Mesha Inscription (Moabite Stone).

² Paul de Lagarde, Übersicht über die im Aramäischen, Arabischen und Hebräischen übliche Bildung der Nomina (1889).

³ Jacob Barth, Die Nominalbildung in den semitischen Sprachen (1889–91).

⁴ W. Max Müller, Asien und Europa nach altägyptischen Denkmälern (1893).

Noun common masculine plural construct

LXX: βασιλεὺσ βασιλέωσ βασιλέα βασιλεῖ βασιλεῖσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H4428:

βασιλεὺσ 631× (23.4%)

βασιλέωσ 546× (20.5%)

βασιλέα 419× (15.7%)

βασιλεῖ 196× (7.1%)

βασιλεῖσ 133× (4.9%)

βασιλεύσ 100× (3.5%)

--- 77× (3.2%)

'' 66× (2.3%)

βασιλέων 63× (2.4%)

βασιλεῦσιν 46× (1.6%)

ישראל יִשְׂרָאֵל

God-Contends

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ישראל

Yisrâʼêl

Definition

Jisrael, a symbolical name of Jacob; also (typically) of his posterity

Root

from H8280 (שרה) and H410 (אל); he will rule as God;

Exhaustive

from שרה and אל; he will rule as God; Jisrael, a symbolical name of Jacob; also (typically) of his posterity; Israel.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3478

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יִשְׂרָאֵל

noun proper masculine • Root שרה • Strongs / High • Page 662

A proper name with multiple meanings: the patriarch Jacob; the Israelite people; an honorary title for the pious; the northern kingdom of Israel; the whole kingdom after the exile.

יִשְׂרָאֵל

noun proper masculine • Root ישר • Strongs / High • Page 662

A proper name, meaning 'El is a true, honest one.' Described as a ground-form to יְשַׂרְאֵלָה.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3478

I. יִשְׂרָאֵל (approximate number of occurrences: 2507) proper name masculine and of a people — Israel (El persisteth, persevereth (or jussive Let El persist) [usually contendeth¹ or Let El contend², but see Dr³]; on vocalization see Lag⁴, Kit⁵; see derivatives under I. שׂרה).

Comparative:

• Moabite ישראל (MI⁶)
• Egyptian Y-si-r-’l⁷
• Assyrian Sir-’-lai (= יִשְׂרְאֵלִי)⁸
• Greek Ισραηλ

— On a possible relation to proper name שָׂרַי, שָׂרָה see RS⁹; compare שְׂרָיָה, שְׂרָיָהוּ.

1. Proper name, masculine

Second name of Jacob:

• Genesis 32:29 (28 times Genesis, Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• Exodus 32:13 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• Hosea 12:13
• Judges 18:29
• Exodus 6:14; Numbers 1:20; Numbers 26:5 (all Priests' Code)
• 2 Kings 17:34
• 1 Chronicles 1:34 (8 times Chronicles)
• Psalm 105:23
• בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל Ruth 4:11
• בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל (literal) Genesis 42:5 (3 times Elohist Source, 2 times Priests' Code) + Exodus 1:7 (Priests' Code; transition to wider use)
• 1 Kings 18:31; 1 Chronicles 2:1 +
• = 12 tribes Exodus 28:9 (7 times Priests' Code)
• אֱלֹהֵי אַבְרָהָם יִצְחָק וְיִשְׂרָאֵל 1 Kings 18:36; 1 Chronicles 29:18; 2 Chronicles 30:6

2. Proper name, of a people

(usually masculine Judges 11:17 f. but feminine 1 Samuel 17:21; 2 Samuel 24:9). Name of Hebrew nation; usually derived from 1, but יִשְׂרָאֵל more common in early usage than בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל:

a. Israel

• (1) undivided kingdom; יִשְׂרָאֵל Genesis 47:27 (Jehovist Source), Genesis 49:7 (poem in Jehovist Source) + 108 times Jehovist-Elohist Source, Deuteronomy 1:1; Deuteronomy 18:6; Deuteronomy 33:10 (poem) + 76 times Deuteronomic Source, Genesis 34:7; Exodus 12:15 (42 times Priests' Code); Judges 5:2, 7 (twice) + 104 times Judges; often 1 and 2 Samuel; 1 Kings 1–12; כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵל of whole people 2 Samuel 8:15 +, of whole army 2 Samuel 11:1 +, opposed to Judah 2 Samuel 2:9 +.
• (2) יִשְׂרָאֵל = Northern tribes, distinguished from Judah, even before disruption, 2 Samuel 2:9, compare 2:10; 3:10; 4:1; 5:5; 12:7; 20:1; 1 Kings 1:35; 4:20; 5:5 +; so at disruption 1 Kings 12:16 (3 times), 12:18, 19; then usually of Northern kingdom, till its fall, 1 Kings 12:28; 14:7; 10 + very often Kings, Amos 1:1; 2:6; 3:14 +, Hosea 1:5; 4:15 (twice); 5:3 (twice); 5:5 +, Micah 1:13, etc.
• (3) יִשְׂרָאֵל of Southern kingdom, Judah, rarely before fall of Samaria Isaiah 1:3; 8:18; Micah 1:14, 15, so בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל 1 Kings 12:17; after fall of Samaria, יִשְׂרָאֵל (less often בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל) occurs of entire people, in reference to past or future 2 Kings 21:8; 23:22; Isaiah 17:9; Psalm 103:7; Jeremiah 2:3; 50:17, 19 +; יִשְׂרָאֵל also = Judah Jeremiah 2:14, 31; 4:1 +, Ezekiel 13:2, 4, 16; 14:1, 7, 9 +, Isaiah 40:27; 41:8; 42:24 +, Ezra 2:59 = Nehemiah 7:61; Ezra 2:70; Ezra 3:11 +, Nehemiah 10:34; 10:3 +, Psalm 14:7 (twice) = Psalm 53:7 (twice), Psalm 147:2; Psalm 149:2 +, etc.
• (4) usage in Chronicles: יִשְׂרָאֵל of whole people 1 Chronicles 2:7 (110 times), of Northern kingdom 2 Chronicles 11:1 (16 times), of Judah 2 Chronicles 12:6; 19:8 (9 times).
• (5) יִשְׂרָאֵל personified as עֶבֶד יהוה, Isaiah 44:1, 21; Isaiah 49:3.

b. בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל

• (1) of undivided people Exodus 1:12 (Jehovist Source), Exodus 3:9 (Elohist Source) + 72 times Jehovist-Elohist Source, Deuteronomy 3:18; Deuteronomy 10:6 (25 times Deuteronomic Source), Genesis 32:33 (327 times Priests' Code); Judges 1:1 (60 times Judges); seldom 1 and 2 Samuel, 1 Kings 1–12; in 1 Kings 13–2 Kings 25 passive in reference to older history (rarely otherwise).
• (2) seldom of Northern kingdom Amos 2:11 (9 times Amos, Hosea); 2 Chronicles 13:12 (7 times Chronicles).
• (3) of Judah (late) Ezekiel 2:3; Nehemiah 1:6 (twice); Ezra 3:1; Joel 4:16 +, 2 Chronicles 31:5.

c. בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל

• Exodus 16:31; Exodus 40:38 (142 times); 81 times Ezekiel, where = Judah (see especially Exodus 37:16); שְׁנֵי בָֽתֵּי יִשְׂרָאֵל Isaiah 8:14.

d. Other phrases

See sub אִישׁ, אֶרֶץ, בַּת, בְּתוּלָה, גְּבוּל, הַר, כִּסֵּא, מֶלֶךְ, מַטֶּה, עֵדָה, עַם, שֵׁבֶט; also (in epithet of יהוה) below אָבִיר, אוֺר, אֱלֹחִים, גָּוֺאל, מֶלֶךְ, מִקְוֶה, צוּר, קָדוֺשׁ, רָעָה.

e. The laity

Opposed to priests, etc. (late):

• Ezra 10:25; Nehemiah 11:3; 1 Chronicles 9:2
• כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵל Ezra 2:70; Ezra 10:5
• הָעָם יִשְׂרָאֵל Ezra 9:1
• בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל Nehemiah 10:40, compare שְׁאָר יִשְׂרָאֵל Nehemiah 11:20

---

Aramaic

I. יִשְׂרָאֵל proper name of a people Israel (Biblical Hebrew id., √ שָׂרָה).

• אֱלַהּ יִשְׂרָאֵל Ezra 5:1; Ezra 6:14; Ezra 7:15
• מֶלֶךְ לְיִשְׂרָאֵל Ezra 5:11
• בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל Ezra 6:16
• עַמָּא יִשְׂרָאֵל Ezra 7:13

¹ Eberhard Nestle, *Die israelitischen Eigennamen* (1876), 60 ff.

² G. B. Gray, *Studies in Hebrew Proper Names* (1896), 218.

³ S. R. Driver in Hastings' *Dictionary of the Bible*, article "Jacob," 530.

⁴ Paul de Lagarde, *Uebersicht über die Bildung der Nomina* (1889), 131 f.

⁵ Rudolf Kittel, *The Books of the Chronicles* (1895), on 1 Chronicles 4:16.

⁶ Mesha Inscription (Moabite Stone), line 5.

⁷ Georg Steindorff, *Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft* xvi (1896), 331.

⁸ Eberhard Schrader, *Keilinschriften und Geschichtsforschung*, 356 ff.

⁹ W. Robertson Smith, *Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia*, 257 (2nd ed. 34).

Noun proper name

LXX: ισραηλ '' --- ιακωβ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3478:

ισραηλ 2245× (92.9%)

'' 57× (2.1%)

--- 50× (2.2%)

ισραηλ 8× (0.3%)

ιακωβ 4× (0.2%)

t? 4× (0.1%)

ιερουσαλημ 4× (0.2%)

[b] 3× (0.1%)

ισραηλίτου 3× (0.1%)

ισραηλίτιδοσ 3× (0.1%)

וימלך וַיִּמְלֹךְ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

מלך

mâlak

Definition

to reign; inceptively, to ascend the throne; causatively, to induct into royalty; hence (by implication) to take counsel

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to reign; inceptively, to ascend the throne; causatively, to induct into royalty; hence (by implication) to take counsel; consult, [idiom] indeed, be (make, set a, set up) king, be (make) queen, (begin to, make to) reign(-ing), rule, [idiom] surely.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4427

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מָלַךְ

verb • Strongs / High • Page 858

to rule, to reign, of kings; to exercise supremacy; to undertake the rule, to become a king.

מָלַךְ

verb • Root מלך • Strongs / High • Page 858

intransitive to counsel, to advise. (Kal not used). Niphal: to determine. Piel: to advise, to give counsel. Hiphil: to constitute as king or ruler.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מָלַךְ

verb • Page 380

1. to be king, to reign. Josh. 13: 12, 21. 2. to become king. 2 Sam. 15: 10. Hiph. to cause to be king. 1 Sam. 15: 35. Hoph. to be made king. Dan. 9: 1. Niph. to consult, to take counsel. Neh. 5: 7.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H4427

II. מָלַךְ (approximate number of occurrences: 346) verb denominative — be, or become king, or queen, reign.

1. Qal

— Perfect מָלַךְ Joshua 13:10 + etc.; Imperfect יִמְלֹךְ (יִמְלוֺךְ) Exodus 15:18 +; וַיִּמְלֹךְ Genesis 36:32 +; 2 masculine singular תִּמְלֹךְ Genesis 37:8 +, (הֲִתִמֲלֹךְ Jeremiah 22:15 ¹); Imperative מְלָךְֿ Judges 9:14; מָלְכָה Judges 9:8; מָלְכִי Judges 9:10, 12; Infinitive absolute מָלֹךְ Genesis 37:8; 1 Samuel 24:21; construct מְלֹךְ 1 Kings 2:15 +; suffix מָלְכוֺ 1 Samuel 13:1 +; Participle מֹלֵךְ Jeremiah 22:11 (2 times); feminine מֹלֶכֶת 2 Kings 11:3; 2 Chronicles 22:12.

a. Meanings and Uses

• Be (become) king, reign, mostly of Hebrew kings: 2 Samuel 2:10; 1 Kings 16:22; 2 Kings 3:1; 2 Kings 9:13
• Generally: Proverbs 8:15; Proverbs 30:22
• Of Canaanite, Edomite, Aramaic, Assyrian, Persian kings, etc.: Judges 4:2; Genesis 36:31; 1 Kings 11:25; 2 Kings 8:15; 2 Kings 19:37; Esther 1:1 +

b. Construction and Syntax

• Followed by בְּ local (usually city): Joshua 13:10, 12; Judges 4:2; 2 Samuel 5:5; 1 Kings 11:24; 1 Kings 14:21 + often
• Followed by בְּ with land (בְּארץ): Genesis 36:31, 32; 1 Chronicles 1:43; also בְּכֹלאֲשֶׁרתְּֿאַוֶּה נַפְשֶׁ֑ךָ 2 Samuel 3:21
• Followed by עַל with people or land: 1 Samuel 8:9, 11; 1 Samuel 12:14; 1 Samuel 13:1; 1 Kings 15:1, 9; 1 Kings 16:23 + often
• Followed by תַּחַת (in place of, succession): 2 Samuel 16:8; Genesis 36:33–34 = 1 Chronicles 1:44–45; 1 Kings 14:20, 31; 2 Kings 8:15; 2 Kings 13:24; Jeremiah 22:11 + often

c. Of God and Future King

• Subject God, followed by עַל: Psalm 47:9; Micah 4:7; Ezekiel 20:33; 1 Samuel 8:7
• Subject God, followed by בְּ: Isaiah 24:23; absolute Exodus 15:18; Isaiah 52:7; Psalm 93:1; Psalm 96:10 = 1 Chronicles 16:31; Psalm 146:10 +
• Subject future (Messianic) king: Isaiah 32:1; Jeremiah 23:5

d. Specialized Uses

• Subject a woman (= be queen): 2 Kings 11:3; 2 Chronicles 22:12 (both followed by עַל); Esther 2:4 followed by תַּחַת
• In fable, of king of trees: Judges 9:8, 10, 12, 14 (all followed by עַל)
• בְּמָלְכוֺ especially = when he began to reign, became king: 1 Samuel 13:1; 2 Samuel 2:10; 1 Kings 14:21 + often
• Infinitive also = reign: בְּשְׁנַת שְׁמֹנֶה לְמָלְכוֺ 2 Kings 24:12; 2 Kings 25:1; 1 Kings 6:1; 2 Chronicles 16:13; 1 Chronicles 4:31
• Phrase מָלַךְ וַיִּמְלֹךְ (began to reign and reigned): 1 Kings 15:25; 1 Kings 16:29; 2 Kings 3:1 +

2. Hiph`il

— make king, or queen, cause to reign.

— Perfect הִמְלִיךְ 1 Samuel 15:35; הִמְלַ֫כְתָּ 1 Kings 3:7, etc.; Imperfect וַיַּמְלֵךְ 2 Kings 23:34; וַיַּמְלִיכוּ Judges 9:6 + etc.; Infinitive construct הַמְלִיךְ 1 Kings 12:1 + etc.; Participle מַמְלִיךְ Ezekiel 17:16.

• Followed by accusative of person: Judges 9:16; 1 Samuel 11:15; 1 Kings 1:43; 1 Kings 12:1; 1 Kings 16:21; 2 Kings 10:5; 2 Kings 11:12 (anointing and coronation) = 2 Chronicles 23:11; 1 Chronicles 11:10
• Followed by לְ of direct object (as Aramaic): לִשׁלמֹה 1 Chronicles 29:22
• Followed by accusative of cognate meaning with verb: 1 Samuel 8:22 (+ לָהֶם); 1 Samuel 12:1 (+ עַל); Isaiah 7:6 (+ בְּתוֺךְ)
• Followed by לְמֶלֶךְ: Judges 9:6; 1 Samuel 15:11
• Followed by accusative of person + עַל: Judges 9:18; 1 Samuel 15:35; 1 Kings 12:20; 2 Samuel 2:9
• Followed by תַּחַת (succession): 1 Kings 3:7; 2 Kings 14:21; 2 Kings 23:30 (anointing); Esther 2:17 (= make queen at coronation); absolute Hosea 8:4

3. Hoph`al

— Perfect הָמְלַךְ followed by עַל מַלְכוּת כַּשְׂדִּים Daniel 9:1.

---

II. [מָלַךְ] verb — counsel, advise (loan-word from Aramaic).

Cognates:

• Aramaic מְלַח
• Assyrian malâku²
• Syriac מלכ
• Christian-Palestinian Aramaic מלכ³

Niph`al

(so Late Hebrew) — Imperfect לִבִּי עָלַי וַיִּמָּלֵךְ i.e. I considered carefully, Nehemiah 5:7.

[מַלְכֹּ֫דֶת] see לכד.

מַלְכֵּן see מַלְבֵּן below לבן.

¹ S. Baer, Quinque Volumina (1886).

² Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (1896).

³ Friedrich Schulthess, Lexicon Syropalaestinum (1903).

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX: ἐβασίλευσεν βασιλεύειν βασιλεῦσαι βασιλεύσει ἐβασίλευσαν

LXX Usage Statistics

H4427a:

ἐβασίλευσεν 168× (48.4%)

βασιλεύειν 25× (5.5%)

βασιλεῦσαι 18× (4.5%)

βασιλεύσει 16× (4.9%)

ἐβασίλευσαν 14× (3.8%)

'' 13× (3.4%)

βασιλείασ 11× (2.9%)

βασιλέωσ 9× (2.6%)

--- 8× (2.5%)

βασιλεύει 7× (2.0%)

ירבעם יָרָבְעָם

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ירבעם

Yârobʻâm

Definition

Jarobam, the name of two Israelite kings

Root

from H7378 (ריב) and H5971 (עם); (the) people will contend;

Exhaustive

from ריב and עם; (the) people will contend; Jarobam, the name of two Israelite kings; Jeroboam.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3379

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יָרָבְעָם

noun proper • Root רבב, עם • Consonantal / Medium • Page 644

God is enlarger; proper name of the first king of the ten tribes.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יָרָבְעָם

noun proper masculine • Root ירב עם • Page 296

Read Yarobeam, from יָרַב עַם 'the people are many'. 1. Jeroboam, the son of Nebat, first king of the ten tribes.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3379

I. יָָֽרָבְעָם (approximate number of occurrences: 104) proper name, masculine — Jeroboam.

Cognates/Etymology:

• Greek Ιεροβοαμ
• Probably יָרֹב + עַם (the people increaseth)¹
• Alternatively √ ריב (the people contendeth)²

1. Jeroboam I

Leader of revolt of Northern Israel (10th century), and first king:

a. Main references

• 1 Kings 11:26
• 1 Kings 12:2 (twice in verse)
• 1 Kings 12:20 etc.
• 2 Chronicles 10:2 (twice in verse)
• 2 Chronicles 10:3, 12 etc.
• 1 Kings 13:1, 4, 83 +
• (+ בֶּן־נְבָט) 1 Kings 11:26 (23 times)

b. Under Deuteronomic influence

Characterized as sinful and author of Israel's sin:

• 1 Kings 15:30
• 1 Kings 16:2, 7, 19, 26, 31 (15 times)

2. Jeroboam II

Son of Jehoash of Northern Israel (8th century) and 13th king:

• 2 Kings 13:13
• 2 Kings 14:16, 23, 27, 28, 29
• 2 Kings 15:1, 8
• Hosea 1:1
• Amos 1:1
• Amos 7:9, 10, 11
• probably also 1 Chronicles 5:17

¹ Gesenius, Thesaurus philologicus criticus linguae Hebraeae et Chaldaeae; R. Kittel on 1 Kings 11:26.

² G. B. Gray, Studies in Hebrew Proper Names (1896), p. 59; Neubauer, Studia Biblica, i. 225; T. K. Cheyne, Jewish Quarterly, July 1899, 559; Encyclopaedia Biblica.

Noun proper name masculine

LXX: ιεροβοαμ '' [h] [m]

LXX Usage Statistics

H3379:

ιεροβοαμ 86× (82.4%)

'' 16× (13.5%)

[h] 2× (1.7%)

[m] 2× (1.4%)

בנו בְּנוֹ

in the hand

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

בן

bên

Definition

a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etc., (like father or brother), etc.)

Root

from H1129 (בנה);

Exhaustive

from בנה; a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etc., (like father or brother), etc.); [phrase] afflicted, age, (Ahoh-) (Ammon-) (Hachmon-) (Lev-) ite, (anoint-) ed one, appointed to, ([phrase]) arrow, (Assyr-) (Babylon-) (Egypt-) (Grec-) ian, one born, bough, branch, breed, [phrase] (young) bullock, [phrase] (young) calf, [idiom] came up in, child, colt, [idiom] common, [idiom] corn, daughter, [idiom] of first, [phrase] firstborn, foal, [phrase] very fruitful, [phrase] postage, [idiom] in, [phrase] kid, [phrase] lamb, ([phrase]) man, meet, [phrase] mighty, [phrase] nephew, old, ([phrase]) people, [phrase] rebel, [phrase] robber, [idiom] servant born, [idiom] soldier, son, [phrase] spark, [phrase] steward, [phrase] stranger, [idiom] surely, them of, [phrase] tumultuous one, [phrase] valiant(-est), whelp, worthy, young (one), youth.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1121

הו

Definition

his, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9023

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

בֵּן

masc. noun • Root בין • Strongs / High • Page 253

1. A child, begotten, born, often without distinction of sex (frequently pluralized as children). 2. Specifically, a son, a male child (opposite daughter). 3. Used metaphorically to denote personal characteristics (virtuous or vicious personality, heir of virtue/vice) or objects (e.g., young animals, plants, or inanimate objects). 4. A grandson; also used as boy, youth, prince, heir to the throne.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1121

I. בֵּן (approximate number of occurrences: 4870) noun masculine — son.

Cognates:

• Phoenician בן
• Sabean בני
• Arabic ٱבْن
• Assyrian binu
• Aramaic בַּר (plural בְּנִין)
• Possibly connected with בנה (build), compare Assyrian bânu (begetter).

— בֵּן absolute Genesis 4:25 +; בֵּןֿ Ezekiel 18:10; construct בֵּן Genesis 49:22; בֶּןֿ Genesis 5:32 +; suffix בְּנוֹ Numbers 23:18; בְּנִי Genesis 49:11; בִּן Deuteronomy 25:2 (32 times); plural בָּנִים Genesis 3:16 +; construct בְּנֵי Genesis 6:2 +; suffix בָּנַי Genesis 31:43 + etc.

1. Son, male child

Born of a woman Genesis 4:25; Genesis 16:11; Isaiah 49:15; begotten by a man Genesis 5:4; often contrasted with בַּת (daughter) Genesis 5:4; Exodus 20:10; Job 1:2.

a. Brother

בֶּן־אִמּוֹ son of his mother, i.e. uterine brother:

• Genesis 43:29
• Judges 8:19
• Psalm 50:20

b. Cousins

• Numbers 36:11 (בְּנֵי דֹדֵיהֶן)

c. As a term of endearment or relation to God

Used of kindliness by Eli to Samuel 1 Samuel 3:6, 16. Expressing intimate relation with God:

• Exodus 4:22 (Israel as בְּנִי בְכֹרִי)
• Hosea 11:1
• Deuteronomy 14:1
• 2 Samuel 7:14 (of Davidic king)

d. Of supernatural beings

• Genesis 6:2, 4 (בְּנֵי הָאֱלֹהִים)
• Job 1:6; Job 38:7

e. Grandson and descendants

• Exodus 10:2 (בֶּן־בִּנְךָ)
• Genesis 29:5 (Laban son [grandson] of Nahor)
• Ruth 4:17 (of Naomi)

f. With personal names or attributes

• Numbers 14:30 (כָּלֵב בֶּן־יְפֻנֶּה)
• 1 Samuel 20:27 (בֶּן־יִשַׁי often with contempt)
• Ecclesiastes 10:17 (בֶּן־חוֹרִים son of nobles)

g. Plural to denote membership in a nation or family

• Exodus 1:7 (613 times בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל)
• Genesis 19:38 (בְּנֵי־עַמּוֹן)
• Exodus 32:26 (בְּנֵי לֵוִי)

2. Children (male and female)

• Genesis 3:16
• Exodus 21:5
• Joshua 17:2 (+ זְכָרִים for male children)

3. Youth, young men

• Proverbs 7:7
• Song of Songs 2:3

4. The young of animals

• Leviticus 22:28
• 1 Samuel 6:7
• Job 39:4

5. Of plant-shoots

• Genesis 49:22 (בֵּן פֹּרָת)
• Psalm 80:16

6. Figurative of lifeless things

• Job 5:7 (בְּנֵי רֶשֶׁף sparks)
• Job 41:20 (בֶּן־קָשֶׁת arrows)
• Isaiah 21:10 (בֶּן־גָּרְנִי corn of threshing-floor)

7. Member of a guild, order, or class

• 1 Kings 20:35 (בְּנֵי הַנְּבִיאִים prophetic order)
• Ezra 4:1 (בְּנֵי הַגּוֹלָה exiles)
• Genesis 17:12 (בֶּן־נֵכָר foreigner)
• Exodus 29:1 (בֶּן־בָּקָר one of the herd)

8. As relative noun of quality

• 1 Samuel 14:52 (בֶּן־חַיִל mighty man)
• 2 Samuel 12:5 (בֶּן־מָוֶת worthy of death)
• Numbers 17:25 (בְּנֵי מֶרִי rebels)

9. Noun relative of age

• Genesis 5:32 (בֶּן־חֲמֵשׁ מֵאוֹת שָׁנָה five hundred years old)
• Exodus 30:14 (מִבֶּן עֶשְׂרִים שָׁנָה וָמָעְלָה from twenty years old and upward)
• Exodus 12:5 (בֶּן־שָׁנָה a year old)

¹ Bernhard Stade, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Grammatik (1879), § 183.

² Friedrich Delitzsch, Prolegomena eines neuen hebräisch-aramäischen Wörterbuchs zum Alten Testament (1886).

³ Jakob Barth, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (ZDMG), 1887, 638 ff.

⁴ Paul de Lagarde, Übersicht über die im Aramäischen, Arabischen und Hebräischen übliche Bildung der Nomina (1889), 75.

Noun common both singular construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine singular

LXX: υἱοὶ υἱὸσ υἱῶν υἱοῦ υἱοῖσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H1121a:

υἱοὶ 1075× (22.0%)

υἱὸσ 753× (16.8%)

υἱῶν 607× (12.2%)

υἱοῦ 368× (8.1%)

υἱοῖσ 329× (6.1%)

υἱοὺσ 292× (5.7%)

υἱὸν 213× (4.6%)

--- 116× (2.6%)

υἱὲ 96× (2.2%)

'' 84× (1.6%)

תחתיופ תַּחְתָּיו׃פ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

תחת

tachath

Definition

the bottom (as depressed); only adverbially, below (often with prepositional prefix underneath), in lieu of, etc.

Root

from the same as H8430 (תוח);

Exhaustive

from the same as תוח; the bottom (as depressed); only adverbially, below (often with prepositional prefix underneath), in lieu of, etc.; as, beneath, [idiom] flat, in(-stead), (same) place (where...is), room, for...sake, stead of, under, [idiom] unto, [idiom] when...was mine, whereas, (where-) fore, with.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8478

ו

Definition

him, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9033

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

תָּחַת

unknown • Root נחת • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1507

(not used) intr. same as הִין II., and so fig. to be humble, modest. Deriv. the proper name תַּחַת.

Matched via consonantal key only

תַּחַת

noun feminine / preposition / conj. / noun proper • Root חתת • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1509

Derived forms include תַּחְתִּי, תַּחְתִּית (f.). 1. (n. f.) A depression, sinking, the deep, the under part, base, or support (Job 40:12; Hab. 3:16). 2. (prep.) Under, below, at the foot of (Gen. 7:19; Ex. 24:4); in place of, instead of (Ex. 21:26); between (Job 30:7). 3. (conj.) For that, because, eo quod (Deut. 21:14). 4. (n. p.) A station of the Israelites in the wilderness (Num. 33:26). 5. (n. p. m.) Humility, modesty (1 Chr. 6:9).

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

תְּחֹת

chald. • Page 714

Chaldee equivalent of the Hebrew word תַּחַת (tahat), meaning 'under' or 'from under'. Cited in Dan. 4:11 [4:14].

תַּחַת

noun masculine • Page 713

1. what is under or below. Used as an accusative adverbially, below, beneath. In the construct state used as a preposition: under. Ex. 20:4, Gen. 1:7. 2. what is under a person, a place, spot. Zech. 6:12. (1) as an accusative used adverbially, on or in the place or spot. Ex. 16:29. (2) in the place of, instead of, loco. Lev. 16:32. Est. 2:17.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H8478

I. תַּחַת noun masculine — the under part (Arabic تحت id.), hence as adverb accusative and preposition underneath, below, instead of.

Cognates:

• Sabean תחת
• Ethiopic ታሕተ
• Phoenician תחת (Lzb¹ 385)
• Biblical Aramaic תְּחוֺת
• Palmyrene מן לתחת (Cooke² 320)
• Syriac ܬܚܝܬ

I. As adverb accusative

— Genesis 49:25 (= Deuteronomy 33:13) the deep רֹבֶצֶת תָּ֑חַת that coucheth beneath; more usually with מִן, מִתָּחַת literally off the under part = beneath, Exodus 20:4 (= Deuteronomy 5:8) בָּאָרֶץ מִתָּ֑חַת (so Deuteronomy 4:39; Joshua 2:11; 1 Kings 8:23 [both D²], Isaiah 51:6), Deuteronomy 33:27; Judges 7:8; Amos 2:9; Isaiah 14:9; Job 18:16; Ezekiel 47:1.

II. As preposition

So construct, and with suffix (usually in the plural, and so literally in the parts underneath): תַּחְתַּי Habakkuk 3:16+, תַּחְתֵּנִי (compare בַּעֲדֵנִי, עוֺדֶנִּי: GKC³ § 103d) 2 Samuel 22:37, 40, 48 (Psalm 18:37; 18:40; 18:48 תַּחְתָּ֑י); תַּחְתֶּיךָ; תַּחְתָּיו (Kt תַּחְתּוֺ 2 Samuel 2:23; 2 Samuel 3:12; 2 Samuel 16:8; Job 9:13), תַּחְתֶּיהָ Leviticus 13:23 etc., תַּחְתֶּ֫נָּה Genesis 2:21; תַּחְתֵּינוּ 1 Samuel 14:9; Psalm 47:4; תַּחְתֵּיהֶם Joshua 2:14; Amos 2:13; Numbers 16:31; 1 Kings 20:24; 1 Chronicles 4:41; 1 Chronicles 5:22; 2 Chronicles 12:10 (for תַּחְתָּם 1 Kings 14:27), תַּחְתָּם Deuteronomy 2:12 10t., תַּחְתֵּיכֶן Jeremiah 28:13.

1. Under, beneath

— Genesis 7:19 הַשָּׁמַיִם תַּחַת כָּלֿ under the whole heaven (so Deuteronomy 2:25; Deuteronomy 4:19; Job 28:24; Job 37:3; Job 41:3; Daniel 9:12); Genesis 18:4 הָעֵץ תּ׳, Genesis 21:15; Genesis 24:2+ often; Job 30:14 שׁוֺאָה תּ׳ under the crash they roll themselves against me; הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ תּ׳ Ecclesiastes 1:3, 9, 13 in Ecclesiastes (so in Phoenician, Cooke^{4. 7; 5. 12}). With לְ 2 Chronicles 4:3 תַּחַת לוֺ, Song of Solomon 2:6 = Song of Solomon 8:3 תּ׳ לְראֹשִׁי.

a. Foot of a mountain

• Exodus 24:4 (תַּחַת הָהָר)
• Deuteronomy 4:11
• Joshua 11:3, 17 +
• figurative Psalm 18:37 תַּחְתָּ֑י תַּרְחִיב צַעֲדִי

b. Under the tongue

Of something held there as a dainty morsel; figurative of sweetness or evil:

• Song of Solomon 4:11
• Psalm 10:7 (תּ׳ לְשׁוֺנוֺ עָמָל וָאָוֶן)
• Job 20:12; Psalm 140:4 (תּ׳ שְׁפָתֵימוֺ)
• Psalm 66:17 (וְרוֺמַם תּ׳ לְשֹׁנוֺ)

c. Subjection and Authority

• (a) of subjection: Psalm 18:40 תַּחְתָּ֑י תַּכְרִיעַ קָמַי, Psalm 18:48; Job 9:13.
• (b) of a woman, תּ׳ אִישָׁהּ i.e. under his authority: Numbers 5:19, 20, 29; Ezekiel 23:5 תַּחְתַּי (being mine).
• (c) of being burdened or oppressed: Isaiah 24:5; Proverbs 30:21–23; Habakkuk 3:7 תּ׳ אָוֶן.

d. Under the hand (authority/control)

• Genesis 41:35 (תּ׳ יַד פַּרְעֹה)
• Judges 3:30; 1 Samuel 21:4, 9; Isaiah 3:6.

e. Under feet (conquest)

• Psalm 8:7 (תּ׳ רַגְלָיו כֹּל)
• Psalm 18:39; Lamentations 3:34; Malachi 3:21.

2. The place in which one stands

a. In one's place

• Exodus 16:29 שְׁבוּ אִישׁ תַּחְתָּיו abide every one in his place.
• Joshua 5:8; Judges 7:21; 1 Samuel 14:9 וְעָמַדְנוּ תַחְתֵּינוּ.
• 2 Samuel 2:23 וַיָּמָת תַּחְתָּו he died where he was.
• Habakkuk 3:16 וְתַחְתַּי אֶרְגָּ֑ז I tremble where I stand.

b. In place of, instead of

• (a) Succession: Genesis 2:18; Genesis 4:25 (תּ׳ הֶבֶל); Genesis 22:13 (תּ׳ בְּנוֺ); Genesis 36:33–49; 1 Kings 8:20; Isaiah 55:13.
• (b) Exchange or return for: Genesis 30:15 (תּ׳ דּוּדָאֵי בְנֵךְ); Exodus 21:23 נֶפֶשׁ תַּחַת נָפֶשׁ; Isaiah 43:3; Genesis 44:4 לָ֫מָּה שִׁלַּמְתֶּם רָעָה תּ׳ טוֺבָה; Psalm 35:12.

3. As conjunction

a. תַּחַת אֲשֶׁר

• (a) Instead of that: Deuteronomy 28:62; Ezekiel 36:34.
• (b) In return for that, because that: Numbers 25:13; Deuteronomy 21:14; Deuteronomy 28:47; Isaiah 53:12.

b. תַּחַת כִּי

• Deuteronomy 4:37; Proverbs 1:29.

III. Compounds

1. אֶל־תַּחַת (after motion)
   • (in) under: Judges 6:19; 1 Kings 8:6; Jeremiah 3:6.
   • into the place of: Leviticus 14:42.
2. מִתַּחַת
   • (a) from under, from beneath: Genesis 1:7; Exodus 17:14; Hosea 4:12; Exodus 18:10 מִתּ׳ יַד מִצְרַיִם.
   • (b) מִתַּחַת לְ under, beneath: Genesis 1:17; Exodus 20:4; 1 Samuel 7:11.
   • (c) לְמִתַּחַת לְ id quod מִתַּחַת לְ: 1 Kings 7:32.

¹ Mark Lidzbarski, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik (Lzb).

² G. A. Cooke, Text-Book of North-Semitic Inscriptions, Oxford, 1903.

³ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley (GKC).

⁴ Deuteronomic Source (D²).

Noun common masculine plural construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine singular

LXX: ὑποκάτω ὑπὸ ἀντὶ ἀντ' ὑπο

LXX Usage Statistics

H8478:

ὑποκάτω 74× (15.9%)

ὑπὸ 58× (13.0%)

ἀντὶ 58× (13.0%)

ἀντ' 56× (12.5%)

ὑπο 33× (7.4%)

ὑποκάτωθεν 18× (4.0%)

'' 16× (3.0%)

ἀνθ' 12× (2.7%)

--- 12× (2.7%)

ὧν 11× (2.1%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And Jehoash will lie down with his fathers, and he will be buried in Shomeron with the kings of Israel; and Jeroboam his son will reign in his stead.

LITV Translation:
And Jehoash lay with his fathers, and was buried in Samaria with the kings of Israel. And his son Jeroboam reigned in his place.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
And Jehoash slept with his fathers, and was buried in Samaria with the kings of Israel; and Jeroboam his son reigned in his stead.