1 Samuel 27:10

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

ויאמר וַיֹּאמֶר

and he is saying

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

אמר

ʼâmar

Definition

to say (used with great latitude)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to say (used with great latitude); answer, appoint, avouch, bid, boast self, call, certify, challenge, charge, [phrase] (at the, give) command(-ment), commune, consider, declare, demand, [idiom] desire, determine, [idiom] expressly, [idiom] indeed, [idiom] intend, name, [idiom] plainly, promise, publish, report, require, say, speak (against, of), [idiom] still, [idiom] suppose, talk, tell, term, [idiom] that is, [idiom] think, use (speech), utter, [idiom] verily, [idiom] yet.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H559

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אָמַר

verb • Root אמר • Strongs_Numbers • Page 155

1. (not used) to stand prominently upwards, to project upwards, hence to be elevated. 2. to say, to speak, to command; to press out sounds from within.

אָמַר

verb • Root אמר • Strongs_Numbers • Page 755

to say, speak

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אָמַר

verb • Root אמר • Page 58

1. to say (dico). Differs from דבר (to speak) in that אָמַר is almost uniformly followed by the words spoken (Lev. 1:2; Gen. 44:16). 2. to think. (Speaking and thinking).

אָמַר

verb • Root אמר • Page 59

To command (Est 1:17, 1 Chr 21:17); to praise (Ps 40:11). Niph.: to be said, to be called holy (Is 4:3). Hiph.: to declare solemnly, to promise (Deut 26:17, 18). Hithpa.: to boast one's self (Ps 94:4), or to exercise dominion.

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0559:

No stats available

אכיש אָכִישׁ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אכיש

ʼĂkîysh

Definition

Akish, a Philistine king

Root

of uncertain derivation;

Exhaustive

of uncertain derivation; Akish, a Philistine king; Achish.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H397

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אָכִישׁ

noun proper • Root עכש • Lemma_Lookup • Page 123

Achish, a Philistine king in Gath in the time of David and Solomon

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אָכִישׁ

m. proper name • Page 48

A king of the Philistine city Gath (1 Sam. 21:11; 27:2; 1 K. 2:39).

Noun proper name masculine

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0397:

No stats available

אל אַל־

toward

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אל

ʼal

Definition

not (the qualified negation, used as a deprecative); once (Job 24:25) as a noun, nothing

Root

a negative particle (akin to H3808 (לא));

Exhaustive

a negative particle (akin to לא); not (the qualified negation, used as a deprecative); once (Job 24:25) as a noun, nothing; nay, neither, [phrase] never, no, nor, not, nothing (worth), rather than.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H408

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אַל

pronoun demonstrative • Strongs_Numbers • Page 126

(I) Pronominal stem/demonstrative pronoun. A gentle reference to a thing and emphasizing of it, weaker than זֶה. Hence arises its modification into the article in Arabic, and in some Hebrew remains.

אַל

negative particle • Root לא • Strongs_Numbers • Page 126

(II) A negative word/particle expressing subjective negation, unwillingness, or prohibition (dissuasively 'do not', 'let not'). Distinct from the objective negative לֹא. Used in commands, wishes, and to denote dissuasion.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֶל

chald. • Page 49

Chald. idem. [to Hebrew אַל]. Dan. 2: 24.

אֶל

preposition • Page 50

Primary preposition meaning: 1. to (sign of the dative); 2. towards, even to (Num. 24:1); 3. at, on, near (1 K. 13:20); 4. about, concerning (Gen. 20:2); 5. in, into (Gen. 8:9); 6. among (1 Sam. 10:22); 7. through (Ezek. 44:7); 8. for, on account of (1 K. 14:5); 9. in combination with other prepositions implies direction.

אַל

particle of negation • Root אלל • Page 49

1. lest, that... not (Gen. 43:23). 2. not, but more rarely (Am. 5:14). 3. nay, no (Ruth 1:13). 4. nothing (Job 24:25). 5. interrogatively for הֲלֹא (1 Sam. 27:10).

Particle interrogative

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0408:

No stats available

פשטתם פְּשַׁטְתֶּם

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

פשט

pâshaṭ

Definition

to spread out (i.e. deploy in hostile array); by analogy, to strip (i.e. unclothe, plunder, flay, etc.)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to spread out (i.e. deploy in hostile array); by analogy, to strip (i.e. unclothe, plunder, flay, etc.); fall upon, flay, invade, make an invasion, pull off, put off, make a road, run upon, rush, set, spoil, spread selves (abroad), strip (off, self).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6584

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

פָּשַׁט

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1201

Intr. to spread out, to extend, to roam about, for plunder; to move against a person or thing.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

פָּשַׁט

verb • Page 557

1. to put off garments (Lev. 6: 4); 2. to pillage, plunder, fall on (2 Chr. 25: 13); 3. to spread one's self out, spoken of a hostile army (1 Chr. 14: 9, 13).

Verb Qal perfect second person masculine plural

LXX: ἐξέδειραν ἐπέθεντο ἐξέδυσαν ἐκδύσονται ἐξεχύθησαν

LXX Usage Statistics

H6584:

ἐξέδειραν 3× (7.7%)

ἐπέθεντο 3× (7.3%)

ἐξέδυσαν 3× (6.9%)

ἐκδύσονται 2× (5.1%)

ἐξεχύθησαν 2× (4.7%)

ἐξέδυσεν 2× (4.7%)

ἐκδύσουσίν 2× (4.3%)

ἐκδύσεται 2× (4.3%)

היום הַיּוֹם

the Day/Today

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

יום

yôwm

Definition

a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated term), (often used adverb)

Root

from an unused root meaning to be hot;

Exhaustive

from an unused root meaning to be hot; a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated term), (often used adverb); age, [phrase] always, [phrase] chronicals, continually(-ance), daily, ((birth-), each, to) day, (now a, two) days (agone), [phrase] elder, [idiom] end, [phrase] evening, [phrase] (for) ever(-lasting, -more), [idiom] full, life, as (so) long as (... live), (even) now, [phrase] old, [phrase] outlived, [phrase] perpetually, presently, [phrase] remaineth, [idiom] required, season, [idiom] since, space, then, (process of) time, [phrase] as at other times, [phrase] in trouble, weather, (as) when, (a, the, within a) while (that), [idiom] whole ([phrase] age), (full) year(-ly), [phrase] younger.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3117

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יוֹם

noun masculine • Root ימם • Strongs / High • Page 595

brightness, splendour, shining, light. hence 1. the day (the period of light), opposed to night; can also mean mid-day. 2. the civil day, including night.

יוֹם

noun masculine • Root יום • Strongs / High • Page 596

Day; also used metaphorically for a specific time or event, such as birth-day, day of punishment, day of death, the present time, or the end of life.

יוֹם

noun masculine (aramaic) • Root יום • Strongs / High • Page 596

Aramaic (Chaldee) word for 'day', with the same variety of senses as the Hebrew.

יוֹם

noun / masculine • Root ימם • Strongs / High • Page 612

1. clearness, light. 2. day (including the night). The plural form יָמִים can also mean a short time, an indefinite time, or a long time.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יוֹם

m. prim. dec. i. • Page 277

1. day. Phrases: הַיּוֹם (this day; to-day, 1 Sam. 12:17); בְּיוֹם (on the day when, Gen 2:17); כְּיוֹם (now, Gen. 25:31); יוֹם יוֹם (daily, Neh. 8:18); מִיּוֹם (from the day on, Ex. 10:6). Special uses: a day of misfortune (Obad. 12), a day of prosperity or festival (Hos. 7:5), and the day of Jehovah/judgment (Joel 1:15). 2. time generally (Gen. 39: 11).

יוֹם

noun masculine • Page 278

Day. (1) Specially days of one's life (Gen. 6:3, Gen. 43:9, Sam. 25:28). (2) Time generally (Gen. 47:8, Ex. 2:11, Judg. 18:1). (3) Some or several days (Neh. 1:4, Dan. 8:27, Gen. 40:4). (4) A year (Lev. 25:29, Judg. 17:10, 1 Sam. 2:19).

יוֹם

m. chald. • Page 278

Day, as in Heb. Plural יוֹמִין, emphatic יוֹמַיָּא. (Ezra 4:15, 19).

Particle definite article, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: ἡμέρᾳ ἡμέρασ σήμερον ἡμέραν ἡμερῶν

LXX Usage Statistics

H3117:

ἡμέρᾳ 574× (20.2%)

ἡμέρασ 571× (23.8%)

σήμερον 204× (9.1%)

ἡμέραν 171× (6.9%)

ἡμερῶν 153× (6.4%)

ἡμέρα 135× (5.4%)

ἡμέραισ 133× (4.6%)

ἡμέραι 116× (4.7%)

--- 51× (2.4%)

'' 46× (1.8%)

ויאמר וַיֹּאמֶר

and he is saying

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

אמר

ʼâmar

Definition

to say (used with great latitude)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to say (used with great latitude); answer, appoint, avouch, bid, boast self, call, certify, challenge, charge, [phrase] (at the, give) command(-ment), commune, consider, declare, demand, [idiom] desire, determine, [idiom] expressly, [idiom] indeed, [idiom] intend, name, [idiom] plainly, promise, publish, report, require, say, speak (against, of), [idiom] still, [idiom] suppose, talk, tell, term, [idiom] that is, [idiom] think, use (speech), utter, [idiom] verily, [idiom] yet.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H559

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אָמַר

verb • Root אמר • Strongs_Numbers • Page 155

1. (not used) to stand prominently upwards, to project upwards, hence to be elevated. 2. to say, to speak, to command; to press out sounds from within.

אָמַר

verb • Root אמר • Strongs_Numbers • Page 755

to say, speak

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אָמַר

verb • Root אמר • Page 58

1. to say (dico). Differs from דבר (to speak) in that אָמַר is almost uniformly followed by the words spoken (Lev. 1:2; Gen. 44:16). 2. to think. (Speaking and thinking).

אָמַר

verb • Root אמר • Page 59

To command (Est 1:17, 1 Chr 21:17); to praise (Ps 40:11). Niph.: to be said, to be called holy (Is 4:3). Hiph.: to declare solemnly, to promise (Deut 26:17, 18). Hithpa.: to boast one's self (Ps 94:4), or to exercise dominion.

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0559:

No stats available

דוד דָּוִ֗ד

David

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

דוד

Dâvid

Definition

David, the youngest son of Jesse

Root

rarely (fully); דויד; from the same as H1730 (דוד); loving;

Exhaustive

rarely (fully); דויד; from the same as דוד; loving; David, the youngest son of Jesse; David.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1732

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

דָּוִד

proper noun • Root דוד • Strongs / High • Page 358

Proper noun of the famous Israelite king, founder of a dynasty (1055-1015 B.C.) and chief composer of the Psalter. Meaning loving, joiner, or beloved.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

דָּוִד

noun masculine • Root , דוד • Page 158

David, son of Jesse, king of Israel. 1 Sam. xvi. ff. 2 Sam. 1 Chr. xii.-xxx. Zion, 1 K. 3:1. The posterity of David, the royal family, Is. 7:2, 13.

Noun proper name masculine

LXX: δαυιδ '' --- ὡσ αὐτοῦ

LXX Usage Statistics

H1732:

δαυιδ 966× (90.3%)

'' 45× (3.7%)

--- 28× (2.7%)

ὡσ 9× (0.9%)

αὐτοῦ 2× (0.2%)

ψαλμὸσ 2× (0.2%)

βασιλεὺσ 2× (0.2%)

βασιλεῖ 2× (0.2%)

על עַל־

upon/against/yoke

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

על

ʻal

Definition

above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications

Root

properly, the same as H5920 (על) used as a preposition (in the singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a particle following);

Exhaustive

properly, the same as על used as a preposition (in the singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications; above, according to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, [idiom] as, at, because of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, [idiom] both and, by (reason of), [idiom] had the charge of, concerning for, in (that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-) on, over, than, through(-out), to, touching, [idiom] with.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5921

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עַל

adjective / noun • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1088

Highest; same as עֶלְיוֹן. This form is abridged from עָלָה and derived from עָלַי (like יַד from יָדָה I.), serving as the construct form עֲלֵי (out of עֲלַאי).

עַל

preposition / adverb • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1088

A preposition: upon, over, above, super, in the widest sense. It expresses protecting, covering, resting above upon (answering to 'where'); motion toward the upper surface (answering to 'whither?'); local direction to a more distant agency; or proximity/timing ('with, at'). Used figuratively as dat. commodi and incommodi, meaning a burden or duty upon one, or with certain verbs replacing the dative case. Also expresses motion down upon or up to, sometimes interchanging with אֶל.

עַל

preposition / adverb • Strongs / High • Page 1089

Preposition or Adverb meaning upon, over, at, above (denoting physical overtopping or mental superiority/dominion); expressing addition (to, reckoned to); proximity (by, around); suitability (according to); or occasionally used concessively (though, quanquam).

עַל

preposition / particle / conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 1090

Properly, over, upon, concerning, notwithstanding, against, towards, for the sake of, on account of. Used to express position, antithesis, or distance (away from). After certain verbs, signifies giving way, removing, or fleeing. Also forms various compound particles (e.g., עַל-מָה, עַל-כֵּן, עַל אֲשֶׁר).

עַל

preposition (aramaic) • Root אלא • Strongs / High • Page 1090

Aramaic equivalent of the Hebrew עַל. Means: Upon, over, on account of, unto, against, or dative. (Used with suffixes like עָלַי, עָלֵךְ, עֲלֵיהוֹן).

עַל

noun / prepos. • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1092

Derivative of עָלָה, listed as a noun and a preposition.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עַל

substantive / adverb / adjective • Root עלה • Page 507

Strictly a substantive meaning whatever is high or uppermost (Hos. 7:16, 11:7). Used as an adverb: (1.) 'above' (Gen. 27:39, 49:25; Ps. 50:4). Used as an adjective: (2.) 'high' (2 Sam. 23:1).

Preposition

LXX: ἐπὶ ἐπ' ἐφ' τοῦτο ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H5921a:

ἐπὶ 1722× (33.1%)

ἐπ' 701× (13.4%)

ἐφ' 195× (3.7%)

τοῦτο 116× (1.9%)

'' 116× (1.9%)

περὶ 113× (2.2%)

ἀπὸ 108× (2.1%)

--- 108× (2.1%)

αὐτοὺσ 95× (1.6%)

εἰσ 93× (1.8%)

נגב נֶגֶב

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

נגב

negeb

Definition

the south (from its drought); specifically, the Negeb or southern district of Judah, occasionally, Egypt (as south to Palestine)

Root

from an unused root meaning to be parched;

Exhaustive

from an unused root meaning to be parched; the south (from its drought); specifically, the Negeb or southern district of Judah, occasionally, Egypt (as south to Palestine); south (country, side, -ward).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5045

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נֶגֶב

noun masculine • Root נגב • Strongs / High • Page 940

A dry, parched quarter; the south, the southern quarter, so called from its dryness and heat; the southern part of Palestine.

נֶגֶב

noun / masculine / adverb • Strongs / High • Page 941

The south, a dry country; the southern district of Palestine. By extension, it can refer to Judah or Egypt. Also used to mean south-storms. As an adverb, it means 'in the south' or 'southward'.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נֶגֶב

noun masculine • Root נגב • Page 424

the south. the southern boundary (Josh. 15:4). on the south side (Num. 35:5). Hence אֶרֶץ נֶגֶב a south land (Josh. 15:19; Ps. 126:4). Particularly (1.) the southern part of Palestine (Gen. 20:1; 24:62; 13:3; Deut. 34:3). (2.) Egypt (Dan. 11:5 ff).

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: νότον λίβα ναγεβ αἰγύπτου νότου

LXX Usage Statistics

H5045:

νότον 26× (20.0%)

λίβα 20× (14.5%)

ναγεβ 10× (7.8%)

αἰγύπτου 9× (8.3%)

νότου 6× (4.8%)

λιβόσ 6× (4.7%)

λιβὸσ 6× (4.5%)

ἔρημον 5× (3.2%)

ἀπέναντι 4× (3.7%)

pκατὰ 3× (2.8%)

יהודה יְהוּדָה

Caster

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

יהודה

Yᵉhûwdâh

Definition

Jehudah (or Judah), the name of five Israelites; also of the tribe descended from the first, and of its territory

Root

from H3034 (ידה); celebrated;

Exhaustive

from ידה; celebrated; Jehudah (or Judah), the name of five Israelites; also of the tribe descended from the first, and of its territory; Judah.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3063

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יְהוּדָה

noun proper masculine • Root ידה • Strongs / High • Page 589

Proper name of the fourth son of Leah and Jacob. Also the name of one of the twelve tribes, the district allotted to that tribe, the subsequent kingdom of Judah, and in the post-exile period, the whole Jewish land.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יְהוּדָה

proper name • Root ידה • Page 271

Proper name; Judah. Derived from יָדָה.

יְהוּדָה

noun • Page 274

1. Fourth son of Jacob and the tribe descended from him. 2. The kingdom and people of Judah after the division of the kingdom. Refers to the territory and the people. Josh. xv, Is. 3:8.

Noun proper name

LXX: ιουδα ιουδαν ιουδασ '' ιουδαίασ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3063:

ιουδα 582× (74.3%)

ιουδαν 59× (7.0%)

ιουδασ 57× (7.3%)

'' 31× (3.5%)

ιουδαίασ 23× (2.5%)

--- 15× (2.0%)

ιουδαίᾳ 10× (1.0%)

ιουδαία 6× (0.6%)

ιουδαίαν 3× (0.3%)

pἐν 2× (0.3%)

ועל וְעַל־

and upon

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

על

ʻal

Definition

above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications

Root

properly, the same as H5920 (על) used as a preposition (in the singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a particle following);

Exhaustive

properly, the same as על used as a preposition (in the singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications; above, according to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, [idiom] as, at, because of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, [idiom] both and, by (reason of), [idiom] had the charge of, concerning for, in (that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-) on, over, than, through(-out), to, touching, [idiom] with.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5921

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עַל

adjective / noun • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1088

Highest; same as עֶלְיוֹן. This form is abridged from עָלָה and derived from עָלַי (like יַד from יָדָה I.), serving as the construct form עֲלֵי (out of עֲלַאי).

עַל

preposition / adverb • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1088

A preposition: upon, over, above, super, in the widest sense. It expresses protecting, covering, resting above upon (answering to 'where'); motion toward the upper surface (answering to 'whither?'); local direction to a more distant agency; or proximity/timing ('with, at'). Used figuratively as dat. commodi and incommodi, meaning a burden or duty upon one, or with certain verbs replacing the dative case. Also expresses motion down upon or up to, sometimes interchanging with אֶל.

עַל

preposition / adverb • Strongs / High • Page 1089

Preposition or Adverb meaning upon, over, at, above (denoting physical overtopping or mental superiority/dominion); expressing addition (to, reckoned to); proximity (by, around); suitability (according to); or occasionally used concessively (though, quanquam).

עַל

preposition / particle / conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 1090

Properly, over, upon, concerning, notwithstanding, against, towards, for the sake of, on account of. Used to express position, antithesis, or distance (away from). After certain verbs, signifies giving way, removing, or fleeing. Also forms various compound particles (e.g., עַל-מָה, עַל-כֵּן, עַל אֲשֶׁר).

עַל

preposition (aramaic) • Root אלא • Strongs / High • Page 1090

Aramaic equivalent of the Hebrew עַל. Means: Upon, over, on account of, unto, against, or dative. (Used with suffixes like עָלַי, עָלֵךְ, עֲלֵיהוֹן).

עַל

noun / prepos. • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1092

Derivative of עָלָה, listed as a noun and a preposition.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עַל

substantive / adverb / adjective • Root עלה • Page 507

Strictly a substantive meaning whatever is high or uppermost (Hos. 7:16, 11:7). Used as an adverb: (1.) 'above' (Gen. 27:39, 49:25; Ps. 50:4). Used as an adjective: (2.) 'high' (2 Sam. 23:1).

Conjunction, Preposition

LXX: ἐπὶ ἐπ' ἐφ' τοῦτο ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H5921a:

ἐπὶ 1722× (33.1%)

ἐπ' 701× (13.4%)

ἐφ' 195× (3.7%)

τοῦτο 116× (1.9%)

'' 116× (1.9%)

περὶ 113× (2.2%)

ἀπὸ 108× (2.1%)

--- 108× (2.1%)

αὐτοὺσ 95× (1.6%)

εἰσ 93× (1.8%)

נגב נֶגֶב

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

נגב

negeb

Definition

the south (from its drought); specifically, the Negeb or southern district of Judah, occasionally, Egypt (as south to Palestine)

Root

from an unused root meaning to be parched;

Exhaustive

from an unused root meaning to be parched; the south (from its drought); specifically, the Negeb or southern district of Judah, occasionally, Egypt (as south to Palestine); south (country, side, -ward).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5045

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נֶגֶב

noun masculine • Root נגב • Strongs / High • Page 940

A dry, parched quarter; the south, the southern quarter, so called from its dryness and heat; the southern part of Palestine.

נֶגֶב

noun / masculine / adverb • Strongs / High • Page 941

The south, a dry country; the southern district of Palestine. By extension, it can refer to Judah or Egypt. Also used to mean south-storms. As an adverb, it means 'in the south' or 'southward'.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נֶגֶב

noun masculine • Root נגב • Page 424

the south. the southern boundary (Josh. 15:4). on the south side (Num. 35:5). Hence אֶרֶץ נֶגֶב a south land (Josh. 15:19; Ps. 126:4). Particularly (1.) the southern part of Palestine (Gen. 20:1; 24:62; 13:3; Deut. 34:3). (2.) Egypt (Dan. 11:5 ff).

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: νότον λίβα ναγεβ αἰγύπτου νότου

LXX Usage Statistics

H5045:

νότον 26× (20.0%)

λίβα 20× (14.5%)

ναγεβ 10× (7.8%)

αἰγύπτου 9× (8.3%)

νότου 6× (4.8%)

λιβόσ 6× (4.7%)

λιβὸσ 6× (4.5%)

ἔρημον 5× (3.2%)

ἀπέναντι 4× (3.7%)

pκατὰ 3× (2.8%)

הירחמאלי הַיַּרְחְמְאֵלִי

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ירחמאל

Yᵉrachmᵉʼêl

Definition

Jerachmeel, the name of three Israelites

Root

from H7355 (רחם) and H410 (אל); God will compassionate;

Exhaustive

from רחם and אל; God will compassionate; Jerachmeel, the name of three Israelites; Jerahmeel.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3396

ירחמאלי

Yᵉrachmᵉʼêlîy

Definition

a Jerachmeelite or descendant of Jerachmeel

Root

patronymically from H3396 (ירחמאל);

Exhaustive

patronymically from ירחמאל; a Jerachmeelite or descendant of Jerachmeel; Jerahmeelites.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3397

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יְרַחְמְאֵל

noun proper masculine • Root רחם • Strongs / High • Page 649

El is pitier. A masculine proper name.

Particle definite article, Noun gentilic both singular absolute

LXX: ιερεμεηλ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3396:

ιερεμεηλ 6× (60.6%)

H3397:

No stats available

ואל וְאֶל־

and toward/do not

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

אל

ʼêl

Definition

near, with or among; often in general, to

Root

(but only used in the shortened constructive form אל ); a primitive particle; properly, denoting motion towards, but occasionally used of a quiescent position, i.e.

Exhaustive

(but only used in the shortened constructive form אל ); a primitive particle; properly, denoting motion towards, but occasionally used of a quiescent position, i.e.; near, with or among; often in general, to; about, according to, after, against, among, as for, at, because(-fore, -side), both...and, by, concerning, for, from, [idiom] hath, in(-to), near, (out) of, over, through, to(-ward), under, unto, upon, whether, with(-in).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H413

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֵל

pronominal stem • Strongs_Numbers • Page 127

Aramaic demonstrative pronoun, same as Hebrew II. in a variety of senses.

אֵל

noun masculine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 127

God (used in proper names like טָבְאֵל).

אֵל

noun • Strongs_Numbers • Page 127

Used as a groundform for אַלִי.

אֵל

pronoun demonstrative • Root אלה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 129

Pronominal stem abridged from 'ela, a demonstrative vocable. Demonstrative pronoun plural 'these'. A stronger form than 'ela, namely 'elle. Often found with the article הָאֵל (these).

אֵל

pronoun • Root אלה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 129

Aramaic equivalent to the Hebrew אֵל II. Found only in Ezr. 5, 15 K'ri, for which the K'tib has אֵלֶּה synonymous with the Targumic אִלֵּךְ.

אֵל

noun masculine • Root איל אול • Strongs_Numbers • Page 129

A very old Semitic name of the highest deity, which already appears in the pre-historic period: God. Stands both for the God of the Hebrews (Jehovah), gods of another nation, or idols. Also means 'strong' or 'mighty'.

אֵל

noun masculine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 130

God, Deity; applied to the true God, pagan gods, or in proper names. Also denotes strength, might, or power (e.g., in the phrase 'it is in the power of my hand').

אֵל

pronom. stem • Strongs_Numbers • Page 131

Collateral form of pronoun demonstrative אֵל (these).

אֵל

pronom. stem • Strongs_Numbers • Page 131

Construct of אֶל I. (preposition 'to', 'towards').

אֵל

abbreviation • Strongs_Numbers • Page 131

An abbreviation of God in proper names, e.g. אֶלְעָלָא, אֶלְזָבָד.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֶל

chald. • Page 49

Chald. idem. [to Hebrew אַל]. Dan. 2: 24.

אֶל

preposition • Page 50

Primary preposition meaning: 1. to (sign of the dative); 2. towards, even to (Num. 24:1); 3. at, on, near (1 K. 13:20); 4. about, concerning (Gen. 20:2); 5. in, into (Gen. 8:9); 6. among (1 Sam. 10:22); 7. through (Ezek. 44:7); 8. for, on account of (1 K. 14:5); 9. in combination with other prepositions implies direction.

אֵל

m. verbal / dec. i. a. • Root אול • Page 49

1. strong, mighty (Ezek. 31:11). 2. strength, power (Gen. 31:29; Prov. 3:27). 3. most frequently God, applied both to Jehovah and heathen gods (Is. 44:10).

אֵל

pronoun • Page 49

pronoun plural; i. q. אֵלֶּה [these]. Also appears in the form הָאֵל.

אֵל

chald. • Page 50

Chald. idem. Ezra 5:15 Keri.

Conjunction, Preposition

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0413:

No stats available

נגב נֶגֶב

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

נגב

negeb

Definition

the south (from its drought); specifically, the Negeb or southern district of Judah, occasionally, Egypt (as south to Palestine)

Root

from an unused root meaning to be parched;

Exhaustive

from an unused root meaning to be parched; the south (from its drought); specifically, the Negeb or southern district of Judah, occasionally, Egypt (as south to Palestine); south (country, side, -ward).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5045

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נֶגֶב

noun masculine • Root נגב • Strongs / High • Page 940

A dry, parched quarter; the south, the southern quarter, so called from its dryness and heat; the southern part of Palestine.

נֶגֶב

noun / masculine / adverb • Strongs / High • Page 941

The south, a dry country; the southern district of Palestine. By extension, it can refer to Judah or Egypt. Also used to mean south-storms. As an adverb, it means 'in the south' or 'southward'.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נֶגֶב

noun masculine • Root נגב • Page 424

the south. the southern boundary (Josh. 15:4). on the south side (Num. 35:5). Hence אֶרֶץ נֶגֶב a south land (Josh. 15:19; Ps. 126:4). Particularly (1.) the southern part of Palestine (Gen. 20:1; 24:62; 13:3; Deut. 34:3). (2.) Egypt (Dan. 11:5 ff).

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: νότον λίβα ναγεβ αἰγύπτου νότου

LXX Usage Statistics

H5045:

νότον 26× (20.0%)

λίβα 20× (14.5%)

ναγεβ 10× (7.8%)

αἰγύπτου 9× (8.3%)

νότου 6× (4.8%)

λιβόσ 6× (4.7%)

λιβὸσ 6× (4.5%)

ἔρημον 5× (3.2%)

ἀπέναντι 4× (3.7%)

pκατὰ 3× (2.8%)

הקיני הַקֵּינִי׃

the Forger

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

קין

Qayin

Definition

Kajin, the name of the first child, also of a place in Palestine, and of an Oriental tribe

Root

the same as H7013 (קין) (with a play upon the affinity to H7069 (קנה));

Exhaustive

the same as קין (with a play upon the affinity to קנה); Kajin, the name of the first child, also of a place in Palestine, and of an Oriental tribe; Cain, Kenite(-s).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7014

קיני

Qêynîy

Definition

a Kenite or member of the tribe of Kajin

Root

or קיני; (1 Chronicles 2:55), patronymic from H7014 (קין);

Exhaustive

or קיני; (1 Chronicles 2:55), patronymic from קין; a Kenite or member of the tribe of Kajin; Kenite.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7017

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

קַיִן

noun proper • Strongs / High • Page 1275

1. Cain (n. p. of the inventor of sharp tools/smith-work). 2. n. p. of the first-born of Adam (creature). 3. n. p. of the tribe, the Cainites. 4. n. p. of a nomadic tribe (Amalekites). 5. n. p. of a city in Judah (a smithy).

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

קֵינִי

unknown • Strongs / High • Page 1275

See קִינִי (Reference 1 Chr. 2, 55).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

קַיִן

noun masculine • Root קן • Page 586

1. a spear (2 Sam. 21:16). 2. Cain, the son of Adam (Gen. 4:1). 3. the name of a people, the Kenites (Num. 24:22, Judg. 4:11).

קֵינִי

noun proper • Page 586

The Kenites, a Canaanitish people (Gen. 15:19, Judg. 4:11). According to 1 Sam. 15:6, they dwelt among the Amalekites.

Particle definite article, Noun gentilic both singular absolute

LXX: καιν κιναίου κιναῖοσ κενεζι

LXX Usage Statistics

H7014a:

καιν 16× (52.3%)

κιναίου 5× (14.6%)

κιναῖοσ 2× (5.8%)

κενεζι 2× (5.8%)

H7017:

No stats available

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And Achish will say, Did ye not plunder this day? and David will say, Upon the south of Judah, and upon the south of the Jerahmeelite, and to the south of the Kenite.

LITV Translation:
And Achish said, Did you not make raids today? And David said, Against the south of Judah, and against the south of the Jerahmeelites, and to the south of the Kenites.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
And Achish said to David, On whom have ye made an attack today? And David said to Achish, On the south of Judea, and on the south of Jesmega, and on the south of the Kenite.