1 Samuel 2:18

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

ושמואל וּשְׁמוּאל

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

שמואל

Shᵉmûwʼêl

Definition

Shemuel, the name of three Israelites

Root

from the passive participle of H8085 (שמע) and H410 (אל); heard of God;

Exhaustive

from the passive participle of שמע and אל; heard of God; Shemuel, the name of three Israelites; Samuel, Shemuel.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8050

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שְׁמוּאֵל

noun proper masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1445

Name of the famous judge and prophet of the Hebrews; derived from 'heard by El' or 'El is the Renowned'.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שְׁמוּאֵל

m. a proper name • Page 684

Samuel, son of Elkanah, a judge and high-priest in Israel, who first gave to the people a king. According to 1 Sam. 1:20, the name is a contraction of שְׁמוּעַאֵל (heard of God).

Conjunction, Noun proper name masculine

LXX: σαμουηλ ---

LXX Usage Statistics

H8050:

σαμουηλ 132× (95.5%)

--- 4× (3.0%)

משרת מְשָׁרֵת

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

שרת

shârath

Definition

to attend as a menial or worshipper; figuratively, to contribute to

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to attend as a menial or worshipper; figuratively, to contribute to; minister (unto), (do) serve(-ant, -ice, -itor), wait on.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8334

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שָׁרַת

verb • Root שרת • Strongs / High • Page 1488

(Kal not used) Transitive verb: either to regulate, minister, and so to serve, to do service in an honourable manner; or equivalent to סָרַךְ, סָרַד (to step back timidly).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שָׁרַת

verb • Page 701

found only in Pi. שֵׁרֵת to serve, wait upon; to minister unto Jehovah (Gen. 39:4; 40:4; Num. 3:6; 1 K. 1:15; Deut. 18:5, 7).

Verb Piel participle active masculine singular absolute

LXX: λειτουργεῖν λειτουργοῦσιν λειτουργοῦντεσ λειτουργῶν λειτουργοῦντασ

LXX Usage Statistics

H8334:

λειτουργεῖν 26× (25.8%)

λειτουργοῦσιν 11× (11.6%)

λειτουργοῦντεσ 11× (10.8%)

λειτουργῶν 5× (5.5%)

λειτουργοῦντασ 3× (3.3%)

λειτουργοὶ 3× (3.1%)

'' 3× (2.8%)

λειτουργὸσ 3× (2.8%)

λειτουργήσουσιν 3× (2.6%)

ἐλειτούργουν 2× (2.2%)

את אֶת־

את-self eternal

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

את

ʼêth

Definition

properly, nearness (used only as a preposition or an adverb), near; hence, generally, with, by, at, among, etc.

Root

probably from H579 (אנה);

Exhaustive

probably from אנה; properly, nearness (used only as a preposition or an adverb), near; hence, generally, with, by, at, among, etc.; against, among, before, by, for, from, in(-to), (out) of, with. Often with another prepositional prefix.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H854

את

ʼêth

Definition

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

Root

apparent contracted from H226 (אות) in the demonstrative sense of entity;

Exhaustive

apparent contracted from אות in the demonstrative sense of entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely); (as such unrepresented in English).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H853

את

ʼêth

Definition

a hoe or other digging implement

Root

of uncertain derivation;

Exhaustive

of uncertain derivation; a hoe or other digging implement; coulter, plowshare.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H855

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֵת

particle • Strongs_Numbers • Page 87

Particle used as a sign of the accusative, indicating the definite object of a verb; also used reflexively, or in designations of time and place. Occasionally interchangeable with other prepositions.

אֵת

substantive • Root אות • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

I. Proper substance, being, essence, body, self, essential. It is used as the sign of an accusative, or to give prominence to a noun as subject.

אֵת

preposition • Root אנה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

II. With; expressing fellowship or accompaniment. Properly side, support, lean upon.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Mattock, coulter of a plough, hoe, prop. anything cutting into.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Equivalent to אֵת III., of which it is merely a collateral form.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אוֹת or אֶת

sign of accusative case • Page 35

A sign of the accusative case.

אֶת

com. gen. chald. • Page 81

Equivalent to the Hebrew אוֹת (sign, miracle). Synonymous with תְּמַהּ. References: Dan. 3: 32, 33; 6: 28.

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (masc.). Equivalent to אַתָּה. Note: Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2.

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (fem.). In pause אָתְּ. Found in Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2. Also sometimes appears as a masculine form (Num. 11: 15; Ezek. 28: 14).

אֵת

ii. particle • Page 81

A primitive particle and sign of the accusative case (with Makk. -אֶת; with suffixes אֹתִי, אֹתָנוּ, etc.). Often denotes the definite direct object but can appear in circumstances where other languages employ the nominative (with passive verbs, neuter verbs, or before a nominative subject). References: Gen. 17: 5; Ex. 10: 8; 1 Sam. 17: 34.

אֵת

preposition • Page 82

1. with, together with (Gen. 4:1); 2. with, near by (Gen. 39:6); 3. in or on a place (1 Sam. 7:16); 4. besides (1 K. 11:25); 5. towards, erga (Ruth 2:20, 2 Sam. 16:17).

Preposition

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0854:

No stats available

H0853:

No stats available

H0855:

No stats available

פני פְּנֵי

faces

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

פנים

pânîym

Definition

the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (before, etc.)

Root

plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun פנה; from H6437 (פנה));

Exhaustive

plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun פנה; from פנה); the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (before, etc.); [phrase] accept, a-(be-) fore(-time), against, anger, [idiom] as (long as), at, [phrase] battle, [phrase] because (of), [phrase] beseech, countenance, edge, [phrase] employ, endure, [phrase] enquire, face, favour, fear of, for, forefront(-part), form(-er time, -ward), from, front, heaviness, [idiom] him(-self), [phrase] honourable, [phrase] impudent, [phrase] in, it, look(-eth) (-s), [idiom] me, [phrase] meet, [idiom] more than, mouth, of, off, (of) old (time), [idiom] on, open, [phrase] out of, over against, the partial, person, [phrase] please, presence, propect, was purposed, by reason of, [phrase] regard, right forth, [phrase] serve, [idiom] shewbread, sight, state, straight, [phrase] street, [idiom] thee, [idiom] them(-selves), through ([phrase] -out), till, time(-s) past, (un-) to(-ward), [phrase] upon, upside ([phrase] down), with(-in, [phrase] -stand), [idiom] ye, [idiom] you.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6440

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

פָּנִים

m. pl. • Root פנה • Strongs / High • Page 1177

Properly the visible, external side. 1. The upper surface, superficies (of earth, water, covering); outside, aspect. 2. The face (the visible part, often as a collective idea).

פָּנִים

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1178

Face, countenances, presence, visibility. Used idiomatically for proximity (without delay), the front (of a thing), direction, look, mien (serenity, sadness); also used reflexively for the personal pronoun ('I myself').

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

פָּנִים

noun masculine plural • Page 546

1. A face, countenance (Ezek. 1:6, Gen. 32:31). 2. Appearance, looks (1 Sam. 1:18, Job 9:27). 3. Surface, facies, superficies (Gen. 2:6, Is. 14:21, Job 38:30). 4. The front or forepart, as in an army (Joel 2:20, Ezek. 2:10, Deut. 2:10). 5. Equivalent to פֶּה a mouth or edge (Ecc. 10:10). 6. A person, personal presence (Ex. 33:14, 2 Sam. 17:11, Lam. 4:16). 7. Combined with prepositions, especially לִפְנֵי (before, in space or time, east of, or against).

Noun common masculine plural construct

LXX: προσώπου πρόσωπον ἐναντίον ἐνώπιον ἔναντι

LXX Usage Statistics

H6440:

προσώπου 450× (19.3%)

πρόσωπον 321× (14.0%)

ἐναντίον 190× (9.5%)

ἐνώπιον 176× (8.9%)

ἔναντι 157× (7.9%)

πρόσωπόν 105× (4.6%)

ἔμπροσθεν 82× (4.0%)

ἐνώπιόν 48× (2.4%)

--- 45× (2.3%)

'' 43× (1.8%)

יהוה יְהוָה

He Is

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

יהוה

Yᵉhôvâh

Definition

Jehovah, Jewish national name of God

Root

from H1961 (היה); (the) self-Existent or Eternal;

Exhaustive

from היה; (the) self-Existent or Eternal; Jehovah, Jewish national name of God; Jehovah, the Lord. Compare יה, יהוה.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3068

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יְהֹוָה

noun masculine • Root יהה • Strongs / High • Page 590

A pre-Mosaic old Semitic name of the supreme God, which was specially revealed for the older אֵל at the establishment of the Mosaic religion, as an abstract of all divine greatness and holiness.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יְהֹוָה

proper name • Page 275

The proper name of the deity among the ancient Hebrews. Interpreted as 'the eternal, unchangeable, true' or 'he who is as he shall be.' The text discusses various ancient pronunciations (IAΩ, IABE, IETΩ) and its derivation from the future of הָיָה.

Noun proper name

LXX: κύριοσ κυρίου κυρίῳ κύριον κύριε

LXX Usage Statistics

H3068:

κύριοσ 2605× (41.8%)

κυρίου 1742× (27.8%)

κυρίῳ 598× (8.8%)

κύριον 473× (7.1%)

κύριε 336× (5.4%)

--- 129× (2.1%)

'' 95× (1.3%)

θεὸσ 76× (1.0%)

θεοῦ 69× (0.9%)

θεῷ 28× (0.4%)

נער נַ֕עַר

a boy

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

נער

naʻar

Definition

(concretely) a boy (as active), from the age of infancy to adolescence; by implication, a servant; also (by interch. of sex), a girl (of similar latitude in age)

Root

from H5287 (נער);

Exhaustive

from נער; (concretely) a boy (as active), from the age of infancy to adolescence; by implication, a servant; also (by interch. of sex), a girl (of similar latitude in age); babe, boy, child, damsel (from the margin), lad, servant, young (man).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5288

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נֵעוֹר

nif. • Root עור • Consonantal / Low • Page 1070

To be bared, of a bow, by its being taken out of its case.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

נַ֫עַר

noun / masculine • Root נער • Consonantal / Low • Page 978

A newly born one, child, boy, youth, young man, servant, soldier; also used for a maiden. Can also mean one who is driven about or wandering (from נָעַר II).

Matched after stripping common prefixes

נֹ֫עַר

noun / masculine • Root נער • Consonantal / Low • Page 978

Youth.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

נִעֵר

verb • Root נער • Consonantal / Low • Page 978

To drive about, to push about, to make restless; to thrust out, to drive out.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

נָעַר

verb / intransitive • Root נער • Consonantal / Low • Page 977

To roar, to growl, of the lion.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

נָעַר

verb • Root נער • Consonantal / Low • Page 978

To move to and fro, to shake, to cast, hence to thrust away, to displace; to shake off; to shake out; to drive or chase away.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

נָעַר

root • Root נער • Consonantal / Low • Page 978

A stem for נַ֫עַר and its derivatives, whose fundamental meaning is not clear. Suggested connections include roots meaning 'to sprout' or 'to grow'.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נַעַר

m. dec. vi. c. prim. • Page 448

I. 1. a child, even a suckling. Ex. 2:6. Judg. 13:5, 7. 2. a young man, spoken e.g. of Joseph, Solomon, and four hundred young men. Gen. 37:2, 1 K. 3:7, 1 Sam. 30:17. 3. a servant, like παῖς, puer. 2 K. 5:20, 1 K. 20:15. Note: In the pentateuch, by a peculiar idiom, it is used for both puer and puella, hence instead of נַעֲרָה.

נַעַר

m. verbal from נָעַר no. i. • Root נער • Page 448

II. the wandering, straying, spoken of cattle. Zech. 11:16.

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: παιδάριον παιδάρια παιδαρίῳ παιδαρίου παιδαρίοισ

LXX Usage Statistics

H5288:

παιδάριον 77× (30.7%)

παιδάρια 18× (7.6%)

παιδαρίῳ 16× (6.3%)

παιδαρίου 12× (4.7%)

παιδαρίοισ 11× (4.3%)

παιδαρίων 11× (4.3%)

παιδίον 11× (4.3%)

νεώτεροσ 7× (3.2%)

παιδίου 6× (2.4%)

'' 6× (2.4%)

חגור חָגוּר

Gird

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

חגר

châgar

Definition

to gird on (as a belt, armor, etc.)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to gird on (as a belt, armor, etc.); be able to put on, be afraid, appointed, gird, restrain, [idiom] on every side.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2296

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

חָגַר

verb • Root חגר • Strongs / High • Page 458

1. To bind firmly about, to enclose, to gird about, to wrap round. 2. By transposition from חָרַג, to tremble, to quake, to flee trembling.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

חָגַר

verb • Page 214

1. to gird, to gird up, to gird on. It is construed with an accus. of the part girded (Prov. 31:17; 2 K. 4:29; 9:1), or with an accus. of the garment or girdle (1 Sam. 17:39; 25:13; Ps. 45:4; Is. 15:3; Jer. 49:3; 2 K. 3:21; Joel 1:8, 13; 2 Sam. 21:16; Ps. 65:13; 76:11). 2. to gird one's self (Ezek. 44:18; 1 K. 20:11; 2 Sam. 22:46).

Verb Qal participle passive masculine singular absolute

LXX: περιζώσασθε περιεζωσμένοσ περιεζωσμένοι ἔζωσεν ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H2296:

περιζώσασθε 6× (14.5%)

περιεζωσμένοσ 3× (7.4%)

περιεζωσμένοι 3× (7.0%)

ἔζωσεν 3× (6.3%)

'' 3× (6.3%)

ζῶσαι 2× (4.9%)

περίζωσαι 2× (4.9%)

περιεζώσαντο 2× (4.6%)

περιζώσονται 2× (4.6%)

אפוד אֵפוֹד

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אפוד

ʼêphôwd

Definition

a girdle; specifically the ephod or highpriest's shoulder-piece; also generally, an image

Root

rarely אפד; probably of foreign derivation

Exhaustive

rarely אפד; probably of foreign derivation; a girdle; specifically the ephod or highpriest's shoulder-piece; also generally, an image; ephod.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H646

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֵפוֹד

noun masculine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 174

Prop. veiling, clothing, but especially: 1. Of the upper priestly or kingly garment or shoulder-covering, ephod. 2. As pertaining especially to the priests it was used for a sign of oracle-giving, an oracle-image. 3. As a proper name (oracle-giver).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֵפוֹד

noun masculine • Root אפד • Page 65

the ephod, a covering for the breast or shoulders, in the dress of the high-priest. It was a short coat, one cubit long, consisting of two parts, one of which went before and the other behind. Ex. 28: 6—12. 2 Sam. 6: 14.

Noun common both singular construct

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0646:

No stats available

בד בָּד׃

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

בד

bad

Definition

flaxen thread or yarn; hence, a linen garment

Root

perhaps from H909 (בדד) (in the sense of divided fibres);

Exhaustive

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H906

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

בֵּד

abbreviation • Root עבד • Lemma_Lookup • Page 220

abridged from עֶבֶד, and still more בַּד, in proper names compounded with it

בַּד

noun masculine • Root בדד • Lemma_Lookup • Page 219

I. 1. dismembered, singled out, separated; hence separation, part. 2. solitude, emptiness. Used as a preposition/adverb (לְבַד) meaning: alone, only, besides, except.

בַּד

noun masculine • Root בדד • Lemma_Lookup • Page 219

II. 1. yarn, thread, yarn-web; particularly white linen garments of priests. 2. branches of a tree, poles, bars, staves; members of the body.

בַּד

noun masculine • Root בדד • Lemma_Lookup • Page 219

III. speech, talk, chatter; hence lies, brag; liars/astrologers.

בַּד

unknown • Lemma_Lookup • Page 220

see בַּדּ

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

בַּד

dec. viii. h. • Page 86

I. 1. Vain speaking, boasting, lying. Job 11: 3. Is. 16: 6. Jer. 48: 30. 2. Liar, boaster. Is. 44: 25. Jer. 50: 36.

בַּד

strictly a verbal • Root בדד • Page 86

II. Denoting being single or separate, separation. Hence לְבַד (adv.) (1) in separation, separately, apart, (2) only, alone, (3) לְבַד מִן and מִלְּבַד besides, except. (4) Joined with suffixes as לְבַדִּי (I alone). Gen. 43: 32. Ps. 71: 16.

בַּד

noun masculine • Page 86

III. White, fine linen, i. q. שֵׁשׁ. Ex. 28: 42. Lev. 6: 10. Plur. בַּדִּים linen garments. Ezek. 9: 2, 3. Dan. 10: 5.

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0906:

No stats available

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And Samuel serving before Jehovah, a boy girded with an ephod of linen.

LITV Translation:
And Samuel was serving before Jehovah, a boy girded with an ephod of linen.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
And Samuel ministered before the Lord, a child girded with a linen ephod.