1 Samuel 17:16

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

ויגש וַיִּגַּשׁ

and he is drawing near

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

נגש

nâgash

Definition

to be or come (causatively, bring) near (for any purpose); euphemistically, to lie with a woman; as an enemy, to attack; religious to worship; causatively, to present; figuratively, to adduce an argument; by reversal, to stand back

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to be or come (causatively, bring) near (for any purpose); euphemistically, to lie with a woman; as an enemy, to attack; religious to worship; causatively, to present; figuratively, to adduce an argument; by reversal, to stand back; (make to) approach (nigh), bring (forth, hither, near), (cause to) come (hither, near, nigh), give place, go hard (up), (be, draw, go) near (nigh), offer, overtake, present, put, stand.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5066

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נָגַשׁ

verb • Root נגש • Strongs / High • Page 945

Intransitive verb. 1. to near, to approach, to join; to have intercourse; to draw near to God, perform priestly services; to attack. 2. to near away, hence to remove from others, withdraw.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נָגַשׁ

verb • Page 427

not used in the pret. Kal, but instead of it the pret. Niph. נִגַּשׁ, fut. Kal יִגַּשׁ, to draw near, to approach. Gen. 19:9. Particularly (1.) to approach a woman, to have conjugal intercourse with her. Ex. 19:15. (2.) to draw near to Jehovah, to turn to him. Is. 29:13. Hiph. הִגִּישׁ 1. to lead or bring near, as persons. Gen. 48:10, 13. 2. to bring near, as things. Gen. 27:25. Particularly offerings, Am. 5:25. 3. to cause to penetrate. Job 40:19. 4. to draw near. Am. 9:10. Is. 41:22. 45:21. Hoph. הֻגַּשׁ pass. of Hiph. no. 1. 2 Sam. 3:34. of no. 2. Mal. 1:11. Hithpa. to draw near. Is. 45:20.

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX: προσήγαγεν προσαγάγετε ἤγγισεν ἤγγισαν προσῆλθεν

LXX Usage Statistics

H5066:

προσήγαγεν 9× (6.5%)

προσαγάγετε 7× (5.7%)

ἤγγισεν 6× (4.5%)

ἤγγισαν 6× (4.4%)

προσῆλθεν 6× (4.4%)

ἐγγιεῖ 4× (3.2%)

προσῆλθον 3× (2.2%)

ἐγγίσασ 3× (2.2%)

προσάγαγε 3× (2.5%)

ἐγγ 3× (2.5%)

הפלשתי הַפְּלִשְׁתּי

The Wallower ("Philistine")

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

פלשת

Pᵉlesheth

Definition

Pelesheth, a region of Syria

Root

from H6428 (פלש); rolling, i.e. migratory;

Exhaustive

from פלש; rolling, i.e. migratory; Pelesheth, a region of Syria; Palestina, Palestine, Philistia, Philistines.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6429

פלשתי

Pᵉlishtîy

Definition

a Pelishtite or inhabitant of Pelesheth

Root

patrial from H6429 (פלשת);

Exhaustive

patrial from פלשת; a Pelishtite or inhabitant of Pelesheth; Philistine.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6430

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

פְּלַשְׁתִּים

noun proper • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1175

the Philistine Sea, i. e. the Mediterranean (Ex. 23, 31).

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

פְּלֶשֶׁת

f. proper name • Page 545

Philistia, the proper name of a country in the southwestern part of Palestine. References: Gen. 10:14, Ex. 15:14, Is. 14:28.

Particle definite article, Noun gentilic both singular absolute

LXX: ἀλλοφύλων ἀλλόφυλοι ἀλλοφύλουσ '' φυλιστιιμ

LXX Usage Statistics

H6429:

ἀλλοφύλων 118× (41.1%)

ἀλλόφυλοι 73× (24.7%)

ἀλλοφύλουσ 27× (8.7%)

'' 17× (5.6%)

φυλιστιιμ 11× (3.9%)

ἀλλοφύλοισ 10× (2.7%)

ἀλλόφυλοσ 9× (2.9%)

ἀλλόφυλον 7× (2.3%)

ἀλλόφυλοι 6× (2.2%)

ἀλλοφύλου 6× (2.0%)

H6430:

No stats available

השכם הַשְׁכֵּם

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

שכם

shâkam

Definition

literally, to load up (on the back of man or beast), i.e. to start early in the morning

Root

a primitive root; properly, to incline (the shoulder to a burden); but used only as denominative from H7926 (שכם);

Exhaustive

a primitive root; properly, to incline (the shoulder to a burden); but used only as denominative from שכם; literally, to load up (on the back of man or beast), i.e. to start early in the morning; (arise, be up, get (oneself) up, rise up) early (betimes), morning.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7925

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הַשְׁכֵּם

infinitive absolute • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1423

Translated as an adverb: early, zealously. (Infinitive absolute used adverbially).

מִגְדַּל־שֶׁכֶם

noun proper • Lemma_Lookup • Page 806

The name of a place, so called from its pointed form.

שְׁכֵם

noun masculine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1423

1. The back, same as שֶׁכֶם; hence 'to make one turn the back'. 2. Proper name of a priestly city (Shechem) and a place of asylum.

שְׁכֶם

noun masculine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1423

1. The back, shoulder, shoulder-blade (often metaphor for oppressive dominion). 2. Burden, task (the part where the load is laid). 3. Metaphor: ridge of a hill, mountain-tract. 4. Proper name: Shechem (a territory/city).

שֶׁכֶם

noun masculine • Root שכם • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1422

Properly what is bent or bowed. 1. The back/neck/shoulder inclined for carrying a burden. Fig.: the duties of ruling. 2. Figurative: the part of the body which is struck (by a stick).

שָׁכַם

verb • Root שכם • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1422

(Kal not used) To bend, to incline oneself, in the neck and back; to be bent, bowed, of a shoulder bearing a burden.

Verb Hiphil infinitive absolute

LXX: ὤρθρισεν ὤρθρισαν ὄρθρου ὄρθρισον ὀρθρίσασ

LXX Usage Statistics

H7925:

ὤρθρισεν 13× (18.7%)

ὤρθρισαν 7× (9.9%)

ὄρθρου 6× (9.8%)

ὄρθρισον 4× (6.7%)

ὀρθρίσασ 4× (5.9%)

'' 4× (5.7%)

ἀνέστη 3× (4.8%)

ἀναστὰσ 2× (3.3%)

ὀρθρίζων 2× (3.3%)

ὀρθρινὴ 2× (3.3%)

והערב וְהַעֲרֵב

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ערב

ʻârab

Definition

to grow dusky at sundown

Root

a primitive root (rather identical with H6148 (ערב) through the idea of covering with a texture);

Exhaustive

a primitive root (rather identical with ערב through the idea of covering with a texture); to grow dusky at sundown; be darkened, (toward) evening.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6150

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עָרַב

verb • Root ערב • Strongs / High • Page 1127

1. To interweave, to knot, to twist together (of the weft of a web); to mix, to intermingle; intr. to flow together.

עָרַב

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1127

1. To be mixed, mingled, hence to be in confusion. 2. To exchange, to have intercourse, to carry on traffic. 3. To pledge, to make obligatory. 4. To be surety for, or undertake security.

עָרַב

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1127

To venture; to stake, consequently to risk.

עָרַב

verb • Root ערב • Strongs / High • Page 1128

II. To be obscure, to become or be dark, of night setting in; to be black, dark-coloured (of the raven); figuratively, to be unknown, strange, or common.

עָרַב

verb • Root ערב • Strongs / High • Page 1128

III. (Not used) transitive, same as קָרַב, to cut in, to lay hold of, hence figuratively, to consume.

עָרַב

verb • Root ערב • Strongs / High • Page 1128

I. To be pleasant, sweet, or well-pleasing (with לְ of the person or thing).

עָרַב

verb • Root ערב • Strongs / High • Page 1128

II. (Not used) intransitive, to be withered, dry, therefore to be waste, desert, of countries or steppes.

עָרַב

verb • Root ערב • Strongs / High • Page 1128

III. (Unused) intransitive proper, to drop, to flow, to be wet; hence to suck in moisture, or to love moisture (of plants).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עָרַב

verb • Root ערב • Page 524

I. 1. To mix (not used in Kal). 2. To exchange or barter (Ezek. 27:9, 27). 3. To stand in the place of someone, specifically to be a surety for life (Gen. 43:9; Is. 38:14) or for debts (Prov. 11:15). 4. To pledge or mortgage property (Neh. 5:3) or one's heart/life (Jer. 31:21).

עָרַב

verb • Root ערב • Page 524

II. To be sweet or pleasant. Applied to sleep (Prov. 3:24), offerings (Jer. 6:20), and people (Ps. 104:34; Ezek. 16:37).

עָרַב

verb • Root ערב • Page 524

III. 1. To remove, pass away, or disappear (Is. 24:11). 2. To set (as of the sun), meaning to grow dark or become evening (Judg. 19:9). Hiphil: To do something at evening (1 Sam. 17:16).

Conjunction, Verb Hiphil infinitive absolute

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H6150:

No stats available

ויתיצב וַיִּתְיַצֵּב

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

יצב

yâtsab

Definition

to place (any thing so as to stay); reflexively, to station, offer, continue

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to place (any thing so as to stay); reflexively, to station, offer, continue; present selves, remaining, resort, set (selves), (be able to, can, with-) stand (fast, forth, -ing, still, up).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3320

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יָצַב

verb • Root יצב • Strongs / High • Page 633

(Kal not used) Transitive: to set, to put, to place. Intransitive: to be firmly in a place, to stand firm or sit, to lie firmly.

יָצַב

verb • Root יצב • Strongs / High • Page 929

A root that interchanges with נָצַב, showing y/n interchange.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יָצַב

verb • Root נצב • Page 292

To place. In Kal not used. In Hithpa. (הִתְיַצֵּב): (1) to place or present one's self (Ex. 2:4, Job 33:5); (2) to stand before any one, as a conqueror or in a judicial sense (Deut. 9:2, Job 41:2); (3) to stand by, to assist (Ps. 94:16).

conjunctive, Verb Hithpael sequential imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX: ἀντιστήσεται παραστῆναι κατάστητε στῆθι παράστηθι

LXX Usage Statistics

H3320:

ἀντιστήσεται 4× (7.8%)

παραστῆναι 4× (7.8%)

κατάστητε 4× (7.5%)

στῆθι 3× (5.3%)

παράστηθι 2× (3.9%)

δεῖ 2× (3.9%)

στῆτε 2× (3.6%)

παρέστη 2× (3.6%)

παρέστησαν 2× (3.6%)

παρεστάναι 2× (3.3%)

ארבעים אַרְבָּעִים

fours/forty

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ארבעים

ʼarbâʻîym

Definition

forty

Root

multiple of H702 (ארבע);

Exhaustive

multiple of ארבע; forty; -forty.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H705

Noun common masculine plural absolute

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0705:

No stats available

יוםפ יוֹם׃פ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

יום

yôwm

Definition

a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated term), (often used adverb)

Root

from an unused root meaning to be hot;

Exhaustive

from an unused root meaning to be hot; a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated term), (often used adverb); age, [phrase] always, [phrase] chronicals, continually(-ance), daily, ((birth-), each, to) day, (now a, two) days (agone), [phrase] elder, [idiom] end, [phrase] evening, [phrase] (for) ever(-lasting, -more), [idiom] full, life, as (so) long as (... live), (even) now, [phrase] old, [phrase] outlived, [phrase] perpetually, presently, [phrase] remaineth, [idiom] required, season, [idiom] since, space, then, (process of) time, [phrase] as at other times, [phrase] in trouble, weather, (as) when, (a, the, within a) while (that), [idiom] whole ([phrase] age), (full) year(-ly), [phrase] younger.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3117

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יוֹם

noun masculine • Root ימם • Strongs / High • Page 595

brightness, splendour, shining, light. hence 1. the day (the period of light), opposed to night; can also mean mid-day. 2. the civil day, including night.

יוֹם

noun masculine • Root יום • Strongs / High • Page 596

Day; also used metaphorically for a specific time or event, such as birth-day, day of punishment, day of death, the present time, or the end of life.

יוֹם

noun masculine (aramaic) • Root יום • Strongs / High • Page 596

Aramaic (Chaldee) word for 'day', with the same variety of senses as the Hebrew.

יוֹם

noun / masculine • Root ימם • Strongs / High • Page 612

1. clearness, light. 2. day (including the night). The plural form יָמִים can also mean a short time, an indefinite time, or a long time.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יוֹם

m. prim. dec. i. • Page 277

1. day. Phrases: הַיּוֹם (this day; to-day, 1 Sam. 12:17); בְּיוֹם (on the day when, Gen 2:17); כְּיוֹם (now, Gen. 25:31); יוֹם יוֹם (daily, Neh. 8:18); מִיּוֹם (from the day on, Ex. 10:6). Special uses: a day of misfortune (Obad. 12), a day of prosperity or festival (Hos. 7:5), and the day of Jehovah/judgment (Joel 1:15). 2. time generally (Gen. 39: 11).

יוֹם

noun masculine • Page 278

Day. (1) Specially days of one's life (Gen. 6:3, Gen. 43:9, Sam. 25:28). (2) Time generally (Gen. 47:8, Ex. 2:11, Judg. 18:1). (3) Some or several days (Neh. 1:4, Dan. 8:27, Gen. 40:4). (4) A year (Lev. 25:29, Judg. 17:10, 1 Sam. 2:19).

יוֹם

m. chald. • Page 278

Day, as in Heb. Plural יוֹמִין, emphatic יוֹמַיָּא. (Ezra 4:15, 19).

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: ἡμέρᾳ ἡμέρασ σήμερον ἡμέραν ἡμερῶν

LXX Usage Statistics

H3117:

ἡμέρᾳ 574× (20.2%)

ἡμέρασ 571× (23.8%)

σήμερον 204× (9.1%)

ἡμέραν 171× (6.9%)

ἡμερῶν 153× (6.4%)

ἡμέρα 135× (5.4%)

ἡμέραισ 133× (4.6%)

ἡμέραι 116× (4.7%)

--- 51× (2.4%)

'' 46× (1.8%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And he of the rovers will draw near, the morning and the evening, and he will take a stand forty days.

LITV Translation:
And the Philistine drew near morning and evening, and presented himself forty days.